ANALISIS SISTEM SOSIAL-EKOLOGI LADA PUTIH PROVINSI KEPULAUAN BANGKA BELITUNG
Abstrak
ABSTRAK
Lada putih merupakan komoditas perkebunan yang seluruhnya dikembangkan oleh perkebunan rakyat di Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung. Penurunan harga lada putih yang cukup drastis di tingkat petani menjadi persoalan yang dihadapi oleh petani, hal ini menandakan persoalan sosial dalam bidang ekonomi yang berimplikasi kepada persoalan ekologi, yaitu penurunan produktivitas. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa Sistem sosial dan sistem ekologi dalam usahatani lada putih membentuk umpan balik (feedback loop) yang sangat banyak, sehingga sistem sosial dan ekologi tidak bisa dipisahkan. Produksi lada putih, keputusan penanaman lada dan sistem kolektif adalah tiga unsur utama dengan kompleksitas tertinggi dalam sistem sosial-ekologi lada putih. Rekayasa sosial (kelembagaan) yang mengarah kepada penguatan sistem kolektif (kelompok) perlu banyak dilakukan bersamaan dengan insentif teknologi pasca panen yang memadai agar keberlanjutan komoditas lada putih dapat terjaga, baik secara sosial maupun ekologi.
Kata kunci: Keberlanjutan, Sistem Sosial, Sistem Ekologi, Ekonomi, Lada Putih
ABSTRACT
White pepper is a plantation commodity which is developed by smallholder in the Bangka Belitung Province. Declining price of white pepper at farm level is a problem for the farmers, this indicates a social problem in economic that has implication ecologically, decrease of yield productivity. The research showed that social systems and ecological systems in white pepper farming establish many feedback loops, so that the social and ecological systems could not be separated. White pepper production, pepper planting decisions and the collective system are the three main elements which have highest complexity in the social-ecological system of white pepper. Social engineering (institution) through the strengthening of the collective (group) action system needs to be developed in line with post-harvest technology policy in order to create the sustainability in the white pepper commodity, both socially and ecologically.
Keywords : Sustainability, Social System, Ecological System, Economy, White Pepper
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Usmiati, & Nurdjannah. (2007). Pengaruh lama perendaman dan cara pengeringan terhadap mutu lada putih. J. Tek. Ind. Pert., 16(3), 91–98.
Yuhono j.t. (2007). Sistem agribisnis lada. Jurnal Litbang Pertanian, 26(2), 76–81. Retrieved from http://pustaka.litbang.pertanian.go.id/publikasi/p3262074.pdf
Berkes, F. (1993). Traditional Ecological Knowledge in Perspective. In J. T. Inglis (Ed.), Traditional Ecological Knowledge, Cocepts and Cases (pp. 1–9). Ottawa, Canada: International Program on Traditional Ecological Knowledge and International Development Centre.
Carroll, T. F. (2001). Social Capital , Local Capacity Building , and Poverty Reduction. Social Development.
Cote, M., & Nightingale, A. J. (2012). Resilience thinking meets social theory: Situating social change in socio-ecological systems (SES) research. Progress in Human Geography, 36(4), 475–489. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132511425708
Creswell, J. W. (2005). Research Design. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781849208956
Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Approaches (3rd Edition). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. https://doi.org/10.2307/1523157
Crona, B., & Bodin, O. (2013). Adapting institutions: Governance, complexity and socio-ecological resilience. In E. Boyd & C. Folke (Eds.), Adapting institutions: Governance, complexity and socio-ecological resilience (Vol. 31). New York: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1068/c460wr1
Daras, U., & Pranowo, D. (2009). Kondisi Kritis Lada Putih Bangka Belitung dan Alternatif Pemulihannya. Jurnal Litbang Pertanian, 28(1), 1–6.
de Vaus, D. A. (2002). Surveys in Social Research (5th editio). Crows Nest NSW: Allen & Unwin.
Folke, C. (2006). Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social-ecological systems analyses. Global Environmental Change, 16(3), 253–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.04.002
Forrester, J. W. (1992). Policies, decisions and information sources for modeling. European Journal of Operational Research, 59(1), 42–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(92)90006-U
Heryanto, M. A., Supyandi, D., & Sukayat, Y. (2016). Model Perilaku Petani Dalam Adopsi Sistem Usahatani Padi Organik: Paradoks Sosial-Ekonomi-Ligkungan. Sosiohumaniora, 18(2), 149–154.
Hjorth, P., & Bagheri, A. (2006). Navigating towards sustainable development: A system dynamics approach. Futures, 38(1), 74–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2005.04.005
Holling, C. S. (2003). The backloop to sustainability. In F. Berkes, J. Colding, & C. Folke (Eds.), Navigating Social-Ecological Systems, Building Resilience for Complexity and Change (p. 417). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13398-014-0173-7.2
Kemala, S. (2006). Strategi Pengembangan Sistem Agribisnis Lada Untuk Meningkatkan Pendapatan Petani. Litbang Pertanian, 5(1), 47–54.
Koutsou, S., Partalidou, M., & Ragkos, A. (2014). Young farmers’ social capital in Greece: Trust levels and collective actions. Journal of Rural Studies, 34, 204–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2014.02.002
Luna-Reyes, L. F., & Andersen, D. L. (2003). Collecting and analyzing qualitative data for system dynamics: Methods and models. System Dynamics Review, 19(4), 271–296. https://doi.org/10.1002/sdr.280
Marten, G. G. (2001). Human Ecology. Basic concepts for sustainable development. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781849776028
Meadows, D. H., Meadows, D., & Randers, J. (1972). Limits to Growth.
Mukwada, G., Taru, P., & Chingombe, W. (2015). Role of Social-Ecological Systems in Forest and Woodland Conservation in Zimbabwean Resettlement Areas. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 50(3), 276–288. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909614527906
Oishi, S., & Graham, J. (2010). Social Ecology: Lost and Found in Psychological Science. Perspectives on Psychological Science : A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 5(4), 356–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691610374588
Perkebunan, D. J. (2016). Statistik Perkebunan Indonesia Komoditas Lada 2015-2017. (D. D. Hendaryati, Y. Arianto, W. K. Zuraina, E. Pudjianto, A. Udin, N. Kurniawati, … E. Magdalena, Eds.). Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Perkebunan, Kementerian Pertanian RI.
Ramakrishnan, P. S. (2007). Sustainable ariculture and food security: India-China context. China Report, 43(2), 219–229. https://doi.org/10.1177/000944550704300211
Schlüter, M., Hinkel, J., Bots, P. W. G., & Arlinghaus, R. (2014). Application of the SES framework for model-based analysis of the dynamics of social-ecological systems. Ecology and Society, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-05782-190136
Senge, P. M. (1990). The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization. Performance Instruction (Vol. Rev. and u). https://doi.org/10.1002/pfi.4170300510
Stephens, E. C., Jones, A. D., & Parsons, D. (2018). Agricultural systems research and global food security in the 21st century: An overview and roadmap for future opportunities. Agricultural Systems, 163, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2017.01.011
Sterman, J. D. (2000). Business dynamics: Systems thinking and modeling for a complex world. Management. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jors.2601336
Usmiati, & Nurdjannah. (2007). Pengaruh lama perendaman dan cara pengeringan terhadap mutu lada putih. J. Tek. Ind. Pert., 16(3), 91–98.
Yuhono j.t. (2007). Sistem agribisnis lada. Jurnal Litbang Pertanian, 26(2), 76–81. Retrieved from http://pustaka.litbang.pertanian.go.id/publikasi/p3262074.pdf
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24198/agricore.v3i2.20882
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