Sustainable Water Development : Between Urban and Rural

Marga Gumelar

Abstract

This paper aims to explain the circumstances of water development in urban and rural areas in terms of the municipal water utilities (MWUs) as primary water supply providers that upholds distributing water to achieve sustainable safe water access. To provide a fundamental analysis, a case study was conducted in 10 cities in Indonesia including Bandung, Surabaya, Palembang, Makassar, and Balikpapan as a representation of urban areas; and Ngawi, Garut, Gunung Mas, North Minahasa, and Ende as a representation of rural areas. The discussion focuses on the aspects of the population served, non-revenue water (NRW), and pricing policies. As a result, so far, MWUs have only been able to cover 61.76 percent of the total population with a high imbalance between the urban, 81.60 percent, and the rural, 41.92 percent. The high rate of NRW is still a problem for MWUs both in the urban and rural areas with a rate of 36.67 percent. And the last, the pricing policy by some local governments still set below the full cost recovery (FCR) caused MWUs run in losses which consequently made to local governments invested more money to cover the operational costs. A sustainable water development requires policy support that helps MWUs to operate independently so that it can fulfill its function as a provider of water services that can cover the entire population.

Keywords

Sustainable water development; Municipal water utilities; Water supply; Non-revenue water; Water tariff

Full Text:

PDF

References

Ahmad, M. (2000). Water pricing and markets in the Near East: policy issues

and options. Water policy, 2(3) : 229-242.

Bower, K. M. (2014). Water supply and sanitation of Costa

Rica. Environmental earth sciences, 71(1) : 107-123.

Domínguez-Rivera, I., Oviedo-Ocaña, E. R., Restrepo-Tarquino, I. (2016).

Service provision in rural water supplies: analysis of four communitybased systems in Colombia. Cuadernos de Desarrollo Rural, 13(77) :

-140.

de los Ángeles García-Valiñas, M., González-Gómez, F., Picazo-Tadeo, A. J.

(2013). Is the price of water for residential use related to provider

ownership? Empirical evidence from Spain. Utilities Policy, 24 : 59-

Farley, M. (2003). Non-revenue water – international best practice for

assessment, monitoring and control. In 12th Annual CWWA Water,

Wastewater & Solid Waste Conference (Vol. 28).

Grafton, R. Q., Chu, L., Kompas, T. (2015). Optimal water tariffs and supply

augmentation for cost-of-service regulated water utilities. Utilities

Policy, 34 : 54-62.

Grit, R., Jörg, L., Steffen, D., Gerel, O. (2015). Integrated urban water

management: development of an adapted management

approach. Environmental Earth Sciences, 73(2) : 709-718.

Kanakoudis, V., Gonelas, K. (2014). Developing a methodology towards full

water cost recovery in urban water pipe networks, based on the “userpays” principle. Procedia Engineering, 70 : 907-916.

Karathanasi, I., Papageorgakopoulos, C. (2016). Development of a leakage

control system at the water supply network of the city of

Patras. Procedia Engineering, 162 : 553-558.

Lai, C. H., Chan, N. W., Roy, R. (2017). Understanding public perception of

and participation in non-revenue water management in Malaysia to

support urban water policy. Water, 9(1) : 26.

Molinos-Senante, M., Donoso, G. (2016). Water scarcity and affordability in

urban water pricing: a case study of Chile. Utilities Policy, 43 : 107-

Petroulias, N., Foufeas, D., Bougoulia, E. (2016). Estimating water losses and

assessing network management intervention scenarios: the case study

of the water utility of the city of Drama in Greece. Procedia

Engineering, 162 : 559-567.

Rathnayaka, K., Malano, H., Arora, M. (2016). Assessment of sustainability of

urban water supply and demand management options: a

comprehensive approach. Water, 8(12) : 595.

Renzetti, S., Dupont, D. P., Chitsinde, T. (2015). An empirical examination of

the distributional impacts of water pricing reforms. Utilities

Policy, 34 : 63-69.

Rogers, P., De Silva, R., Bhatia, R. (2002). Water is an economic good: How

to use prices to promote equity, efficiency, and sustainability. Water

policy, 4(1): 1-17.

Rogers, D. (2014). Leaking water networks: an economic and environmental

disaster. Procedia Engineering, 70 : 1421-1429.

Romano, G., Salvati, N., Guerrini, A. (2014). Estimating the determinants of

residential water demand in Italy. Water, 6(10) : 2929-2945.

Rouillard, J., Vidaurre, R., Brouwer, S., Damman, S., Ponce, A. A., Gerner, N.

V.,Riegels,N., Termes, M. (2016). Governance regime factors

conducive to innovation uptake in urban water management:

experiences from Europe. Water, 8(10), : 477.

Shomar, B., Darwish, M., Rowell, C. (2014). What does integrated water

resources management from local to global perspective mean? Qatar

as a case study, the very rich country with no water. Water resources

management, 28(10) : 2781-2791.

Tussupova, K., Berndtsson, R., Bramryd, T., Beisenova, R. (2015).

Investigating willingness to pay to improve water supply services:

application of contingent valuation method. Water, 7(6) : 3024-3039.

Winarni, W (2009). Infrastructure leakage index (ILI) as water losses

indicator. Civil Engineering Dimension, 11(2) : 126

Yalçıntaş, M., Bulu, M., Küçükvar, M., Samadi, H. (2015). A framework for

sustainable urban water management through demand and supply

forecasting: the case of Istanbul. Sustainability, 7(8) : 11050-11067.

Yu, X., Geng, Y., Heck, P., Xue, B. (2015). A review of China’s rural water

management. Sustainability, 7(5) : 5773-5792

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24198/ecodev.v1i1.37589

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.