FARMAKOTERAPI GANGGUAN BIPOLAR

UZLIFATUL ZANNAH, IRMA MELYANI PUSPITASARI, RANO KURNIA SINURAYA

Abstrak


Gangguan bipolar merupakan salah satu penyakit psikiatri kronis yang menyebabkan perubahan suasana hati yang tidak normal. Gangguan bipolar ditandai dengan adanya episode mania atau hipomania disertai episode depresi. Menurut WHO, pada tahun 2004 gangguan bipolar mempengaruhi sekitar 29,5 juta individu. Gangguan bipolar bersifat kambuhan sehingga diperlukan pengobatan jangka panjang untuk mencapai keberhasilan terapi. Obat – obat utama yang digunakan dalam pengobatan gangguan ini adalah agen mood stabilizer, antipsikotik dan antidepresan. Pada studi ini dibahas mengenai farmakoterapi gangguan bipolar. Data-data yang digunakan diperoleh dengan penelusuran melalui internet. Berdasarkan hasil review dari 25 sumber data yang didapatkan berupa jurnal ilmiah, e-book dan guideline yang dikeluarkan oleh American Psychiatric Association dan NIMH. Litium merupakan agen lini pertama yang digunakan dalam pengobatan gangguan bipolar.

Kata kunci: Bipolar, farmakoterapi, mood stabilizer, antipsikotik, antidepresan


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Referensi


American Psychiatric Association. 2010. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder second edition. Available online at https://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/bipolar.pdf [Accessed at June, 13th 2018].

American Psychiatric Association. 2013. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.

Axelson D., et al. 2015. Diagnostic Precursors to Bipolar in Offspring of Parents with Bipolar Disorder: A Longitudinal Study. Am J Psychiatry, Vol. 172(7): 638-646.

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Chisholm-Burns, MA., et al. 2016. Pharmacotherapy Principles & Practice Fourth Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Education.

Collins, JC and BH McFarland. 2008. Divalproex, lithium and suicide among Medicaid patients with bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorder, 107: 23–28.

Dipiro, J. T. et al., 2008. Pharmacotherapy A Pathophysiologic Approach. 7 ed. New York: McGraw Hill.

Geddes, JR and DJ Mikowitz. 2013. Treatment of Bipolar Disorder. The Lancet, 381(9878): 1672-1682.

Geller, B., et al. 2012. A Randomized Controlled Trial of Risperidone, Lithium, or Divalproex Sodium for Initial Treatment of Bipolar I Disorder, Manic or Mixed Phase, in Children and Adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 69(5): 515-528.

Goodwin, GM., et al. 2016. Evidence-based guidelines for treating bipolar disorder: Revised third edition recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 30(6): 495-553.

Grande, I., et al. 2013. Patterns of Pharmacological Maintenance Treatment in A Community Mental Health Services Bipolar Disorder Cohort Study (SIN-DEPRES). International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 16: 513-523.

Haas, M., et al. 2009. Risperidone for the treatment of acute mania in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Bipolar Disorder, 11: 687-700.

Keck, PE., et al. 2009. Aripiprazole monotherapy in the treatment of acute bipolar I mania: A randomized, double-blind, placebo- and lithium-controlled study. Journal of Affective Disorder, 112: 36 – 49.

Kessing, LV. 2015. Treatment Options in Bipolar Disorder: Lessons from Population-Based Registers with Focus on Lithium. Curr Treat Options Psych, 2(3): 218-228.

Lukasiewicz, M., et al. 2013. Young Mania Rating Scale: how to interpret the numbers? Determination of a severity threshold and of the minimal clinically significant difference in the EMBLEM cohort. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatrics Research, 22(1): 46-58.

Malhi, GS, et al., 2015. Maintaining mood stability in bipolar disorder: a clinical perspective on pharmacotherapy. Evid Based Mental Health, 18(1): 1-6.

McDonald, KC, et al. 2015. Prevalence of Bipolar I and II Disorder in Canada. Can J Psychiatry, 60(3): 151-156.

Merikangas, KR., et al. 2011. Prevalence and Correlates of Bipolar Spectrum Disorder in the World Mental Health Survey Initiative. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 68(3): 241-251.

Miklowitz, DJ and MJ Gitlin. 2014. Clinician's Guide to Bipolar Disorder. New York: The Guilford Press.

Mitchell, PB, et al. 2009. Recent progress in the pharmacotherapy of bipolar disorder. Future Neurol, 4(4): 493-508.

NIMH. 2012. Bipolar Disorder in Adult. Available online at https://infocenter.nimh.nih.gov/pubstatic/NIH%2012-3679/NIH%2012-3679.pdf [Accessed at June, 13th 2018].

Porcelli, S., et al. Quetiapine Extended Release Preliminary Evidence of a Rapid Onset of the Antidepressant Effect in Bipolar Depression. Journal of clinical Psychopharmacology, 34(3): 303-306.

Suppes, T., et al. 2009. Maintenance Treatment for Patients with Bipolar I Disorder: Results from a North American Study of Quetiapine in Combination with Lithium or Divalproex (Trial 127). Am J Psychiatry, 166: 476-488.

Vieta, E. 2013. Managing Bipolar Disorder in Clinical Practice. 3 ed. London: Springer Healthcare.

Viktorin, A., et al. 2014. The risk of switch to mania in patients with bipolar disorder during treatment with an antidepressant alone and in combination with a mood stabilizer. Am J Psychiatry, 171(10): 1067 – 1073.

Wells, BG., et al. 2015. Pharmacotherapy Handbook Ninth Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Education.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.24198/jf.v16i1.17466

DOI (PDF): https://doi.org/10.24198/jf.v16i1.17466.g8646

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