Makna Kebahagiaan Integratif

Abstract

There are two dominant approaches of happiness based on etic perspective, hedonic approach as represented by Subjective Well Being-Diener’s theory and eudaimonic approach  as represented by Psychological Well Being – Ryff’s theory. However the implementation in one culture has to considered the emic perspective. The researcher found in preliminary research that happiness in emic perspective from Jakarta citizens (170 subjects) is perceived not just in hedonic and eudaimonic perspective, but also contained spiritual meaning such as closeness to God. Based on the preliminary research, this study is aimed to prove the model of integrative happiness that formulated by hedonic, eudaimonic and spiritual dimensions. Data were collected by using questionnaires from 750 urban people living in Jakarta-Bogor-Tangerang-Bekasi, and to be analyzed by SEM with Lisrel programme. The result showed that integrative model of happiness fit with empirical data (chi square= 42,19; df =34; p value = 0,16; RMSEA= 0,02; GFI = 0,99).. Eudaimonia is found to be the dominant factor for happiness. Based on this integrative model of happiness, it can be stated that happiness people are those people that have purpose in life, show more positive emotion than negatif emotion and act patient in life.

****

Ada dua pendekatan yang dominan dalam membahas kebahagiaan berdasarkan perspektif etic (universal) yaitu hedonia yang direpresentasikan dalam teori Diener dan eudaimonia dalam teori Ryff. Namun penerapannya dalam konteks budaya tertentu perlu mempertimbangkan perspektif emic (lokal).  Melalui kajian awal pada masyarakat Jakarta (170 subyek) peneliti menemukan bahwa kebahagiaan tidak hanya dipahami  secara hedonik atau eudaimonik saja tapi juga mencakup makna spiritual. Berdasarkan kajian awal tersebut, penelitian ini ditujukan untuk membuktikan model kebahagiaan integratif yang mencakup hedonia, eudaimonia dan spiritual. Data dikumpulkan melalui kuesioner pada 750 responden yang berdomisili di jakarta, Bogor-Tangerang-Bekasi dan dianalisis melalui SEM dengan bantuan program lisrel. Hasilnya menunjukkan model kebahagiaan integratif terbukti sesuai dengan kondisi empirik (chi square= 42,19; df =34; p value = 0,16; RMSEA= 0,02; GFI = 0,99). Dalam penelitian ini terbukti eudaimonia merupakan faktor dominan dalam kebahagiaan integratif. Melalui model tersebut dapat dikatakan bahwa orang yang berbahagia adalah orang yang memiliki tujuan hidup, memperlihatkan lebih banyak emosi positif daripada emosi negatif dan bertindak sabar dalam hidupnya.