Green Extraction of Kleinhovia hospita Saponins: Superiority of Microwave Irradiation over Maceration and the Critical Role of Solvent Polarity

Baso Didik Hikmawan, Khusnul Khotimah, Mutia Ramadhani Rose Permana, Islamudin Ahmad, Lizma Febrina, Muhammad Arifuddin, Arsyik Ibrahim, Supriatno Salam

Abstrak


Kleinhovia hospita is a hepatoprotective plant rich in bioactive saponins, yet conventional extraction methods remain inefficient. This study aimed to optimize saponin recovery by comparing Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) against conventional maceration and assessing the effect of solvent polarity. Saponins were extracted using MAE (15 minutes) and maceration (72 h) with various ethanol concentrations ranging from 0 to 96%. Total Saponin Content (TSC) was quantified colorimetrically using the vanillin-sulfuric acid method. MAE significantly outperformed maceration, attaining a two-fold increase in saponin purity (106.67 and 52.92 mg Diosgenin Equivalent (DE)/g extract, respectively) in a fraction of the time. Solvent analysis revealed a trade-off: whereas 96% ethanol yielded the highest specific purity (133.89 mg DE/g), it resulted in low mass recovery. In contrast, 50% ethanol extracted the highest Total Saponin Yield (TSY) (18.84 mg/g powder), effectively balancing matrix swelling with solubility. MAE utilizing 50% ethanol is identified as the optimal, rapid, and green strategy for the industrial production of standardized K. hospita extracts.


Kata Kunci


cycloartane-triterpenoid saponins; microwave-assisted extraction; saponin; Tahongai

Teks Lengkap:

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Referensi


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DOI: https://doi.org/10.24198/ijbp.v5i3.69627

DOI (PDF): https://doi.org/10.24198/ijbp.v5i3.69627.g27644

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