Hubungan Pemberian Terapi Antipsikotik terhadap Kejadian Efek Samping Sindrom Ekstrapiramidal pada Pasien Rawat Jalan di Salah Satu Rumah Sakit di Bantul, Yogyakarta

Haafizah Dania, Imaniar N. Faridah, Khansa F. Rahmah, Rizky Abdulah, Melisa I. Barliana, Dyah A. Perwitasari

Abstract


Skizofrenia merupakan penyakit gangguan jiwa terbanyak yang memiliki prognosis yang buruk, dengan remisi total hanya dialami oleh sekitar 20% penderitanya, sedangkan sisanya akan mengalami berbagai tingkat kesulitan dan kemunduran secara klinis dan sosial. Antipsikotik merupakan terapi utama pada skizofrenia, namun pemberian terapi ini terkadang dapat menimbulkan efek samping, salah satunya adalah sindrom ekstrapiramidal yang dapat menyebabkan pasien enggan untuk minum obat secara rutin, akibatnya frekuensi kekambuhan menjadi meningkat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan terapi antipsikotik terhadap kejadian sindrom ekstrapiramidal pada pasien skizofrenia rawat jalan di salah satu rumah sakit di wilayah Bantul, Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional dengan desain penelitian cross-sectional dengan pengambilan data secara retrospektif menggunakan data rekam medis pasien skizofrenia yang menjalani rawat jalan di salah satu rumah sakit di wilayah Bantul, Yogyakarta pada periode Januari–Desember 2017. Jumlah sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 100 orang pasien dengan kriteria inklusi yaitu pasien skizofrenia dengan usia >15 tahun dan mendapatkan terapi antipsikotik selama minimal 4 minggu, sedangkan kriteria ekslusi yaitu pasien yang mendapatkan terapi metoklopramid dan mempunyao riwayat sindrom ekstrapiramidal sebelumnya. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Analisis data menggunakan uji Chi–Square dengan menggunakan program SPSS versi 16.0. Diperoleh bahwa sebagian besar pasien mendapat risperidon sebesar 27%, risperidon+klozapin 17%, dan haloperidol+klozapin 10%. Pada pasien yang memperoleh terapi antipsikotik tunggal, sebanyak 5 orang mengalami efek samping sindrom ekstrapiramidal, sedangkan pada pasien yang memperoleh terapi antipsikotik kombinasi, 7 orang mengalami efek samping sindrom ekstrapiramidal. Hasil analisis uji Chi-Square menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan baik itu antara penggunaan terapi antipsikotik (tunggal maupun kombinasi) (p=1,000), antara terapi antipsikotik tunggal (tipikal maupun atipikal) (p=0,467), dan antara terapi antipsikotik kombinasi (atipikal-atipikal, tipikal-tipikal, dan tipikal-atipikal) (p=0,269), dengan kejadian efek samping sindrom ekstrapiramidal.

Kata kunci: Antipsikotik, sindrom ekstrapiramidal, skizofrenia

 

Relationship between the Use of Antipsychotic and Incident of Extrapyramidal Syndrome on Schizophrenic Outpatients at One of Hospitals in Bantul, Yogyakarta

Abstract
Schizophrenia is the most kind of psychiatric diseases which has bad prognosis with total remision only around 20%, otherwise social and clinical difficulties will be faced by the rest. Antipsychotic is a first line therapy for schizophrenic patients, however it has some side effects such as extrapyramidal syndrome that make people reluctant to take the medication regularly. Furthermore, the number of recurrence is increasing. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between the use of antipsychotic and the incident of extrapyramidal syndrome in outpatient schizophrenia in one of hospitals in Bantul region, Yogyakarta. This study was observational study, using cross-sectional design. Data was taken retrospectively using patients’ medical records who were outpatients in one of hospitals in Bantul region, Yogyakarta, in the period of January–December 2017. The sample of this research was 100 patients. The inclusion criteria was schizophrenic patients aged >15 years old who took an antipsychotic therapy for a minimum of 4 weeks, while the exclusion criteria was patients who took metoclopramide as a therapy and had a history of extrapyramidal syndrome previously. Purposive sampling was used as a technique for sampling. Data analysis was conducted using Chi-Square by SPSS ver. 16.0. Results of this study is most patients took risperidon e (27%), risperidone+clozapine 17%, and haloperidol+clozapine 10%. The incident of extrapyramidal syndrome happened in 5 patients who took single antipsychotic and in 7 patients who took combination antipsychotic. However, the Chi-Square analysis showed that there was no relationship between the use of antipsychotic (single or combination) and the incident of extrapyramidal syndrome (p-value=1.000). Likewise, there was no relationship between the use of single (both typical and atypical) antipsychotic therapy (p-value=0.467), also no relationship between the use of combination (atypical-atypical, typical-typical and atypical) antipsychotic therapy (p-value=0.269) and the incident of extrapyramidal syndrome side-effects.

Keywords: Antipsychotics, extrapyramidal syndrome, schizophrenia


Keywords


Antipsikotik, sindrom ekstrapiramidal, skizofrenia,

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.15416/ijcp.2019.8.1.19

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