Potensi Vaksin Antibodi Anti-PfRH5 Berbasis Nanopartikel Liposom sebagai Modalitas Preventif Mutakhir pada Plasmodium falciparum Malaria
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum malaria dalah salah satu penyakit infeksi yang disebabkan oleh parasit protozoa Plasmodium falciparum dengan morbiditas dan mortalitas terbesar kasus malaria pada manusia. Upaya pencegahan dan penanganan Plasmodium falciparum malaria saat ini masih mendapat hambatan yaitu adanya resistensi terhadap insektisida dan obat anti-malaria. Untuk itu, perlu adanya metode pencegahan parasit yang bersifat lebih spesifik. Tujuan penulisan ini adalah untuk mengetahui potensi vaksin antibodi anti-PfRH5 berbasis nanopartikel liposom sebagai modalitas preventif mutakhir pada Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Metode yang digunakan dalam penulisan artikel review ini yaitu dengan penelusuran pusaka. Pencarian menghasilkan 60 jurnal yang ditelaah dan setelah diskrining jumlah jurnal yang digunakan yaitu 48 jurnal yang sesuai dengan topik bahasan. Pada siklus hidup Plasmodium falciparum terjadi fase invasi terhadap eritrosit. Plasmodium falciparum Reticulocyte-binding Protein Homologue 5 (PfRH5) dan basigin (BSG) dari eritrosit adalah pasangan ligan-reseptor esensial dalam invasi eritrosit. Tambahan nanopartikel liposom sangat penting untuk melindungi komponen vaksin antibodi anti-PfRH5 agar tidak mudah mengalami degradasi yang membantu untuk meningkatkan efikasi kerja vaksin dalam menginhibisi proses invasi oleh merozoit. Karena berperan sebagai target yang penting dalam menginhibisi invasi merozoit, potensi PfRH5 sebagai vaksin malaria sangat signifikan dan spesifik. Potensi PfRH5 juga didukung dengan munculnya respon imun alami yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan parasit. Respon imun tersebut melibatkan IgG spesifik terhadap PfRH5 yang dapat memberikan efek protektif dengan menghambat terjadinya ikatan antara PfRH5-BSG sehingga proses invasi tidak terjadi. Vaksin PfRH5 berbasis liposom yang spesifik pada merozoit merupakan modalitas pencegahan potensial dalam perkembangan vaksin Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Penelitian lebih lanjut diperlukan untuk mengetahui efikasi dan induksi antibodi pada tubuh oleh vaksin PfRH5.
Kata kunci: Plasmodium falciparum malaria, nanopartikel liposom, vaksin PfRH5
Potential of Anti-PfRH5 Antibody Vaccine Based on Liposome Nanoparticles as the Latest Preventive Modalities in Plasmodium falciparum Malaria
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum malaria is an infectious disease caused by the protozoa Plasmodium falciparum, estimated to have the greatest morbidity and mortality of all cases in humans. In addition, prevention and treatment efforts are currently being challenged by resistance to insecticides and anti-malaria drugs. This instigates the need for a more specific prevention method. This article, therefore, aims to determine the potential of anti-PfRH5 antibody vaccines, based on liposome nanoparticles, as the final preventive modality in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. The method used in this review involved searching study literature. The search resulted in 60 journals, and a total of 48 were obtained after screening according to the topic of discussion, and thus adopted as references to this work. Furthermore Plasmodium falciparum life cycle is characterized by an invasion phase of erythrocytes, where the Reticulocyte-binding Protein Homologue 5 (PfRH5) and basigin (BSG) serve as essential ligand-receptor pairs. The addition of liposome nanoparticles is vital to protect the anti-PfRH5 antibody vaccine component, and prevent easy degradation, thus improving the vaccine efficacy in the inhibiting the merozoites invasion process. This potential target as a malaria vaccine is very significant and specific, and is supported by the emergence of natural immune responses capable of deterring parasite growth. The immune response involves the action of specific IgG, estimated to provide a protective effect by inhibiting the occurrence of a PfRH5-BSG bond, therefore preventing the invasion process occurrence. Therefore, liposome-based PfRH5 vaccine specific to merozoites is a prospective preventive modality in the development of a Plasmodium falciparum malaria vaccine, although further research is needed to determine the efficacy and possible induction of antibodies in the body.
Keywords: Liposome nanoparticle, PfRH5 vaccine, Plasmodium falciparum malaria
Keywords
References
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.15416/ijcp.2020.9.2.164
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