Isolation of Chitosan Biopolymer from Nacre (Pinctada maxima) as Bone Scaffold Candidate

Ahmad Taufik S; Geby Alawiyah; Susi Rahayu; Dian W Kurniawidi; I Gusti Ngurah Yudi Handayana; Triyana Dyah Cahyawati; Dyah Purnaning; Muhamad Amin

doi:10.24198/ijpst.v12i1.44794

Isolation of Chitosan Biopolymer from Nacre (Pinctada maxima) as Bone Scaffold Candidate

Ahmad Taufik S, Geby Alawiyah, Susi Rahayu, Dian W Kurniawidi, I Gusti Ngurah Yudi Handayana, Triyana Dyah Cahyawati, Dyah Purnaning, Muhamad Amin

Abstrak

The rising incidence of bone injuries necessitates researching and developing safe bone replacement materials. Chitosan biopolymer is one of the available materials. Because it is non-toxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable, chitosan can be employed as a bone scaffold material. According to the European Pharmacopeia 6.0 (Eur: Ph 6.0), chitosan, with a deacetylation level of more than 70%, is safe for medicinal usage. The purpose of this research was to analyze the characteristics of chitosan isolated from nacre and the influence of nacre powder mass on the degree of deacetylation of chitosan. Chitosan was extracted by the processes of deproteination, demineralization, and deacetylation. Organoleptic tests, yield calculations for each stage, examination of the degree of deacetylation, creation of functional groups, and vibrational modes based on Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) data were performed on the isolated chitosan. The produced chitosan exhibited the properties of being beige color, odorless, and in powder form. The yield of insulation results obtained by the mass of chitosan. 3.7 % of the mass of nacre powder. The resultant chitosan has the formation of hydroxyl (OH) and amine (NH₂) groups and vibrational stretching and bending modes. The variation in nacre powder mass throughout the isolation procedure altered the degree of deacetylation of the resultant chitosan and the wave number spectra of the hydroxyl (OH) and amine (NH₂) groups. Chitosan, with a mass of 80 grams of nacre powder and a value of 76.94%, exhibited the highest degree of deacetylation. Considering that the functional groups generated in chitosan are comparable to those in bone, chitosan is a potential material for bone scaffolds.

Kata Kunci

Oyster Shell, Degree of Deacetylation, Functional Group

Teks Lengkap:

PDF

Referensi

Alabaraoye, E., Achilonu, M., & Hester, R. (2018). Biopolymer (Chitin) from Various Marine Seashell Wastes: Isolation and Characterization. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 26(6), 2207–2218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-017-1118-y

Bahri, S., Rahim, E. A., & Syarifuddin. (2015). Chitosan Deacetilation Degree from Anadara granosa by Gradually Adding NaOH. Kovalen: Jurnal Riset Kimia, 1(1), 36–42.

Dwipa, G. (2022). Efektivitas Bone Graft yang Mengandung Cangkang Kerang Mutiara (PInctada Maxima) terhadap Regenerasi Tulang melalui Analisis Ekspresi Osteoprotegerin (OPG). UNIVERSITAS HASANUDDIN.

Handayani, D., Alaa, S., Kurniawidi, D. W., & Rahayu, S. (2022). Pengolahan Limbah Cangkang Kerang Mutiara ( Pinctada Maxima ) Sebagai Adsorben Logam Berat Fe. Jurnal Pertambangan Dan Lingkungan, 3(2), 10–15.

Imtihani, H. N., & Permatasari, S. N. (2020). Sintesis dan Karakterisasi Kitosan dari Limbah Kulit Udang Kaki Putih (Litopenaeus vannamei). Simbiosa, 9(2), 129–137. https://doi.org/10.33373/sim-bio.v9i2.2699

Jennings, J. A., & Bumgardner, J. D. (2017). Chitosan Based Biomaterials Volume 2: Tissue Engineering and Therapeutics. Elsevier. www.elsevier.com/permissions.

Kurniawidi, D. W., Alaa, S., Nurhaliza, E., Safitri, D. O., Rahayu, S., Ali, M., & Amin, M. (2022). Synthesis and Characterization of Nano Chitosan from Vannamei Shrimp Shell (Litopenaeus vannamei). Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan Dan Kelautan, 14(2), 95–105.

Masnun, M. A. (2017). Menakar Potensi Perlindungan Hukum Mutiara Lombok Melalui Indikasi Geografis dan Implikasinya: Sebuah Diagnosa Awal. Pena Justisia: Media Komunikasi Dan Kajian Hukum, 17(2), 29–40. https://doi.org/10.31941/pj.v17i2.546

Milla, L. El, Indrani, D. J., Ilmu, D., Kedokteran, M., Gigi, F. K., Brawijaya, U., Ilmu, D., Kedokteran, M., Gigi, F. K., & Indonesia, U. (2016). Hidroksiapatit , Alginat dan Kitosan Sebagai Bahan Scaffold Tulang : Studi Spektroskopi. Dentika Dental Journal, 19(2), 93–97.

Nurakhmawati, I. (2017). Sintesis dan Karakterisasi Scaffold Kitosan-Tetrasiklin yang Diiradiasi Gamma sebagai Pengganti Jaringan Tulang Gigi. Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah.

Nurlaili, N., Alaa, S., & Rahayu, S. (2022). Modifikasi Teknik Isolasi Biopolimer Kitosan Dari Cangkang Kerang Mutiara (Pinctada Maxima) Sebagai Adsorben Zat Warna Metilen Blue. ORBITA: Jurnal Kajian, Inovasi Dan Aplikasi Pendidikan Fisika, 8(2), 268. https://doi.org/10.31764/orbita.v8i2.11462

Oktawati, S., Mappangara, S., Chandra, H., Achmad, H., Raoda, S., Ramadhan, J., Dwipa, G., & Yudin, M. (2021). Effectiveness Nacre Pearl Shell (Pinctada Maxima) as Bone Graft for Periodontal Bone Remodeling. Annals of R.S.C.B., 25(3), 8663–8678. http://annalsofrscb.ro

Pebiansyah, A., & Yuliana, A. (2021). Aktivitas Antibakteri Kitosan dari Cangkang Lobster Air Tawar (Cherax quadricarinatus) terhadap Staphylococcus aureus. Seminar Nasional Diseminasi Penelitian Program Studi S1 Farmasi 2021 STIKes BTH Tasikmlaya Tema: “Kontribusi Riset Farmasi Di Masa Pandemi,” 70–76. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=-R9YEAAAQBAJ

Pharmacopeia, T. E. (2007). 6th ed. Volume 2. Council of Europe (Vol. 2, pp. 1490–1491). The European Pharmacopeia.

R. Fitria. (2016). Scaffold 3D Kitosan dan Kolagen sebagai Graft Pada Kasus Kerusakan Tulang (Study Pustaka). 5(2), 1–7.

Rachmania, D. (2011). Karakterisasi Nano Kitosan Cangkang Udang Vannamei (Litopenaeus vannamei) dengan Metode Gelasi Ionik. Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Setiabudi, A., Hardian, R., & Muzakir, A. (2012). Karakterisasi Material: Prinsip dan Aplikasinya dalam Penelitian Kimia. In UPI Press (Vol. 1).

Sjofjan, O., Natsir, M. H., & Chuzaemi, S. (2019). Ilmu Nutrisi Ternak Dasar. Universitas Brawijaya Press. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=PQDcDwAAQBAJ

Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI). (2013). Kitosan - Syarat Muti dan Pengolahan. SNI 7949:2013. Badan Standarisasi Nasional

Sugita, P., Wukirsari, T., Sjahriza, A., & Wahyono, D. (2019). Kitosan: Sumber Biomaterial Masa Depan. PT Penerbit IPB Press. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=XzMSEAAAQBAJ

Taufik, A., Zuhan, A., Kusdaryono, S., & Rohadi. (2017). Karakterisasi Hydroxyapatite Alami yang Dibuat dari Tulang Sapi dan Cangkang Telur sebagai Bahan untuk Donor Tulang (Bone Graft ). Unram Medical Journal, 6(1), 9–13. https://doi.org/10.29303/jku.v6i1.33

The United States Pharmacopeia. (2011). Second Supplement The United States Pharmacopeial Convention (pp. 5361–5365). The United States Pharmacopeia.

Wahyuningsih, K., Jumeri, J., & Wagiman, W. (2018). Green Catalysts Activities of CaO Nanoparticles from Pinctada maxima Shell on Alcoholysis Reaction. EKSAKTA: Journal of Sciences and Data Analysis, 18, 121–136. https://doi.org/10.20885/eksakta.vol18.iss2.art4

Yadav, M., Goswami, P., Paritosh, K., Kumar, M., Pareek, N., & Vivekanand, V. (2019). Seafood Waste: A Source for Preparation of Commercially Employable Chitin/Chitosan Materials. Bioresources and Bioprocessing, 6(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40643-019-0243-y

Yao, Z., Xia, M., Li, H., Chen, T., Ye, Y., & Zheng, H. (2014). Bivalve Shell: Not an Abundant Useless Waste but a Functional and Versatile Biomaterial. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 44(22), 2502–2530. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2013.829763