Pea Seed (Pisum sativum L.) Extract Exhibits Cytotoxic Activity against T47D Cancer Cells

Failasufia Maulida Chasani; Devi Nisa Hidayati; Indah Hartati

doi:10.24198/ijpst.v13i1.62205

Pea Seed (Pisum sativum L.) Extract Exhibits Cytotoxic Activity against T47D Cancer Cells

Failasufia Maulida Chasani, Devi Nisa Hidayati, Indah Hartati

Abstrak

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) contain flavonoids with potential anticancer activity against breast cancer cells. Yet, the influence of extraction methods and solvent choice on flavonoid yield and bioactivity remains insufficiently studied. This study evaluated the effect of solvent type and extraction method on the flavonoid content and cytotoxic activity of Pisum sativum L. seed extract on T47D breast cancer cells. Extraction was performed using reflux and infusion methods with 96% ethanol, 70% ethanol, and water solvents. Flavonoid content was determined using the AlCl₃ colorimetric test, while cytotoxic activity was tested using the MTT method. The results showed that the 96% ethanol extract had the highest flavonoid content (9.88 ± 0.05 mg QE/g), followed by 70% ethanol (5.91 ± 0.26 mg QE/g) and water extract (2.63 ± 0.06 mg QE/g). Cytotoxic activity was demonstrated by 96% and 70% ethanol extracts with IC₅₀ values of 147.12 ± 8.81 µg/mL and 90.59 ± 5.75 µg/mL, respectively, while the water extract was inactive. These findings confirm that solvent polarity plays an important role in optimizing flavonoid content and cytotoxic potential. However, high flavonoid content does not always correlate with cytotoxic effects, so a comprehensive approach is needed in the development of natural-based anticancer agents.

Kata Kunci

cytotoxic; ethanol extracts; Pisum sativum L.; total flavonoid content; T47D cells

Teks Lengkap:

PDF (English)

Referensi

GLOBOCAN. Cancer statistics for the year 2022: INDONESIA. International Journal of Cancer. 2022;149(4):778–89.

Pratama FE, Nuwarda RF. Review: Senyawa Aktif Antikanker dari Bahan Alam dan Aktivitasnya. Farmaka. 2018;16(01):149–58.

Ramteke R, Moon A, Khan T, Ansari MV.Comprehensive Review of Breast Cancer Cell Lines : A Guide to Selecting the Optimal Cell Line for Targeted Research. Int J Pharm Sci. 2025;3(3):2580–92.

Priya A, Chukwuebuka E. In vitro Anticancer Activity of Pisum sativum Seed against Breast Cancer Cell Line (MCF-7). Int J Sci Eng Res. 2018;9(6).

Kreft S, Knapp M, Kreft I. Extraction of rutin from buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) seeds and determination by capillary electrophoresis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1999;47(11):4649–52.

Do QD, Angkawijaya AE, Tran-Nguyen PL, Huynh LH, Soetaredjo FE, Ismadji S, et al. Effect of extraction solvent on total phenol content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of Limnophila aromatica. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis. 2014;22(3):296–302.

Tiwar P, Kumar B, Kaur M, Kaur G, Kaur H. Phytochemical screening and Extraction: A Review. Internationale Pharmaceutica Sciencia. 2011;1(1):98–106.

Fahim JR, Attia EZ, Kamel MS. The phenolic profile of pea (Pisum sativum): a phytochemical and pharmacological overview. Phytochemistry Reviews. 2018;18(1):173–98.

Sun L, Li L, Chen H, Han X, Liu L, Liu C. Widely Targeted Metabolomics Provides New Insights into Nutritional Profiling and Reveals the Flavonoid Pathway of Pea (Pisum sativum L.). Foods. 2024;13(13):1–9.

Kopustinskiene DM, Jakstas V, Savickas A, Bernatoniene J. Flavonoids as anticancer agents. Nutrients. 2020;12(2):1–25.

Castaldo L, Izzo L, Gaspari A, Lombardi S, Rodríguez-Carrasco Y, Narváez A, et al. Chemical composition of green pea (Pisum sativum L.) pods extracts and their potential exploitation as ingredients in nutraceutical formulations. Antioxidants. 2022;11(1):1–13.

Khan A, Prodhan S, Hossain R, Mohammad I. Phytochemical profile and antioxidant activity of PIsum sativum seed extract. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2025;14(4):570–4.

Stanisavljević NS, Ilić MD, Matić IZ, Jovanović ŽS, Čupić T, Dabić D, et al. Identification of Phenolic Compounds from Seed Coats of Differently Colored European Varieties of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and Characterization of Their Antioxidant and In Vitro Anticancer Activities. Nutrition and Cancer. 2016;68(6):988–1000.

Azizi E, Fouladdel S, Movahhed TK, Modaresi F, Barzegar E, Ghahremani MH, et al. Quercetin Effects on Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis and Doxorubicin Activity in T47D Cancer Stem Cells. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2022;23(12):4145–54.

Lin CH, Chang CY, Lee KR, Lin HJ, Chen TH, Wan L. Flavones inhibit breast cancer proliferation through the Akt/FOXO3a signaling pathway. BMC Cancer. 2015;15(1):1–12.

Hwang ST, Yang MH, Baek SH, Um JY, Ahn KS. Genistin attenuates cellular growth and promotes apoptotic cell death breast cancer cells through modulation of ERalpha signaling pathway. Life Sciences. 2020;263(10):1–11.

BPOM RI. Peraturan Badan Pengawasan Obat dan Makanan Tahun 2019. Jilid 1. Jakarta: Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Republik Indonesia; 2019. p. 1-400

Ramdhini RN, Dewi SS. Phytochemical Screening and Physical Evaluation of Liquid Soap Preparation with 96% Ethanol Extract of Butterfly Flower (Clitoria ternatea L.). Indonesian Journal of Advanced Research. 2024;3(1):105–18.

Hidayati LN, Astuti KI, Rizaldi G. Uji Toksisitas Akut Limit Test Ekstrak Etanol 70% Bunga Telang (Clitoria ternatea L.). MPI (Media Pharmaceutica Indonesiana). 2024;6(1):54–62.

Purwaniati P, Arif AR, Yuliantini A. Analisis Kadar Antosianin Total pada Sediaan Bunga Telang (Clitoria ternatea) Dengan Metode pH Diferensial Menggunakan Spektrofotometri Visible. Jurnal Farmagazine. 2020;7(1):18.

Yuliati, Kurniatuhadi R, Khotimah S. Aktivitas Antifungi Ekstrak Metanol Sarcotheca diversifolia (Miq) Hallier F terhadap Pertumbuhan Candida albicans. Sciscitatio. 2024;5(2):76–86.

Firdaus NL, Patricia VM, Sadiyah ER. Karakterisasi dan Pengujian Kadar Flavonoid Total Ekstrak dan Kombucha Bunga Telang (Clitoria ternatea L ). Bandung Conferency Series. 2023;3(2):585–90.

Fatmawati A, Ariskha G, Putri A, Dewi R, Rahman IR, Yanuarto T, et al. Formulasi dan Uji Stabilitas Emulgel Ekstrak Etanol Bunga Telang (Clitoria ternatea L) Sebagai Lotion. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences. 2023;6(2):616–25.

Purwanto UMS, Aprilia K, Sulistiyani. Antioxidant Activity of Telang (Clitoria ternatea L.) Extract in Inhibiting Lipid Peroxidation. Current Biochemistry. 2022;9(1):26–37.

Kemenkes RI. Farmakope Herbal Indonesia. Edisi ke-2. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia; 2017. p. 97-103.

Fonmboh DJ, Abah ER, Fokunang TE, Herve B, Teke GN, Rose NM, et al. An Overview of Methods of Extraction, Isolation and Characterization of Natural Medicinal Plant Products in Improved Traditional Medicine Research. Asian Journal of Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2020;9(10):31–57.

Safitri I, Nuria MC, Puspitasari AD. Perbandingan Kadar Flavonoid dan Fenolik Total Ekstrak Metanol Daun Beluntas (Pluchea indica L.) pada Berbagai Metode Ekstraksi. Jurnal Inovasi Teknik Kimia. 2018;3(1).

CCRC. Protokol Uji Sitotoksik MTT. Yogyakarta: Cancer Chemoprevention Research Center Fakultas Farmasi UGM; 2013. P. 1–8

Wiritania M, Muyassaroh IS, Septiarifianti BD. Analisis Kadar Senyawa Bioaktif Fenolik pada Daun Bayam dengan Metode Ekstraksi Maserasi dan Uji Kuantitatif Menggunakan Spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Jurnal Studi Multidisipliner. 2024;8(12):761–9.

Adha MA, Arifin I, Maisyaroh, Sultoni, Sunarni. Perbedaan minat berwirausaha berdasarkan jenis kelamin mahasiswa. JAMP: Jurnal Adminitrasi dan Manajemen Pendidikan. 2020;3:208–15.

Agung IGAA. Pengantar statistik parametrik dan nonparametrik. Denpasar: Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar; 2022.

Nordin ML, Abdul Kadir A, Zakaria ZA, Abdullah R, Abdullah MNH. In vitro investigation of cytotoxic and antioxidative activities of Ardisia crispa against breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2018;18(1):1–10.

Vonna A, Desiyana LS, Hafsyari R, Illian DN, Koresponden P. Analisis Fitokimia dan Karakterisasi dari Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kersen (Muntingia calabura L.). Indonesia Jurnal Bioleuser. 2021;5(3):8–12.

Prayong P, Barusrux S, Weerapreeyakul N. Cytotoxic activity screening of some indigenous Thai plants. Fitoterapia. 2008;79(7–8):598–601.

Pan SY, Zhou SF, Gao SH, Yu ZL, Zhang SF, Tang MK, et al. New perspectives on how to discover drugs from herbal medicines: CAM’S outstanding contribution to modern therapeutics. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2013;2013:1–25.

Dias MC, Pinto DCGA, Silva AMS. Plant flavonoids: Chemical characteristics and biological activity. Molecules. 2021;26(17):1–16.

Yunita E, Khodijah Z. Pengaruh Konsentrasi Pelarut Etanol saat Maserasi terhadap Kadar Kuersetin Ekstrak Daun Asam Jawa (Tamarindus indica L.) secara Spektrofotometri UV-Vis. PHARMACY: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia (Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia). 2020;17(2):273.

Sandrapitaloka AS. Pengaruh Kompisisi Penyari Etanol: Air Terhadap Kadar Genistein Pada Ekstraksi Tempe. Vol. 11. Universitas Sanata Dharma; 2017.

Musfiroh I, Ifaya M, Sahidin I, Herawati DMD, Tjitraresmi A, Abdurrahman S, et al. Isolation of phenolic compound from Lawsonia inermis and its prediction as anti-diabetic agent using molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. 2023;2:1–10.

Naushafira ND, Hanuna H, Dewi MK, Selius WVN. Kajian Sistematik: Aktivitas Kuersetin sebagai Inhibitor Kanker Payudara secara In Vitro. Generics: Journal of Research in Pharmacy. 2022;2(2):105–12.

Ruswanto R, Garna IM, Tuslinah L, Mardianingrum R, Lestari T, Nofianti T. Kuersetin, Penghambat Uridin 5-Monofosfat Sintase Sebagai Kandidat Anti-kanker. ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia. 2018;14(2):236.

Tuli HS, Tuorkey MJ, Thakral F, Sak K, Kumar M, Sharma AK, et al. Molecular mechanisms of action of genistein in cancer: Recent advances. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2019;10(12):1–16.

Almatroodi SA, Almatroudi A, Alharbi HOA, Khan AA, Rahmani AH. Effects and Mechanisms of Luteolin, a Plant-Based Flavonoid, in the Prevention of Cancers via Modulation of Inflammation and Cell Signaling Molecules Saleh. molecules Review. 2024;29(1093):1–32.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24198/ijpst.v13i1.62205