Slack Resources and Corporate Social Responsibility Link: Evidence from Manufacturing Firms in Nigeria
Abstract
Extant empirical literature indicates little or no study on the extent of corporate social responsibility (CSR), using evidence from Nigerian context, and mixed study findings regarding slack resources and CSR relationship. Accordingly, this paper explores the extent of CSR activities by manufacturing firms in Nigeria and the effects of absorbed and unabsorbed slack resources on CSR. Using data set collected through content analysis of the 2017 and 2018 annual reports of 12 manufacturing firms in Nigeria and analyzing same by conducting one sample Wilcoxon signed rank test and regression analysis, we find that whereas the extent of CSR activities by the studied firms is low and insignificant, absorbed and unabsorbed slack resources have significant positive effects on CSR activities. These findings serve as a robust empirical basis for policy makers to insist on improved level of CSR activities by manufacturing firms in Nigeria, and for managers and regulators to understand the importance of slack organizational resources in CSR investment decision making.
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References
Akanno, S. N. Che, F. Radda, A. & Uzodinma, I. (2015), Patterns of corporate social and environmental disclosure in Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Financial Management Research, 3, 71-82.
Amato, C. H. &Amato, L. H.(2011). Corporate Commitment to Global Quality of Life Issues: Do Slack Resources, Industry Affiliations, and Multinational Headquarters Matter?. Business and Society, 50(2), 388 –416.
Arora, P. &Dharwadkar, R. (2011). Corporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): The Moderating Roles of Attainment Discrepancy and Organization Slack. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 19(2), 136–152.
Asamoah, G.(2019). Relationship Between Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance under Slack Resources Theory: Evidence from Ghanaian listed firms. Grasag E-Journal, 1(1), 23-49.
Ayalew, B. M. (2018). Corporate Social Responsibility Practices, Determinants and Challenges; Theoretical and Empirical Lesson for Effective and Successful Engagement. Journal of Investment and Management. 7(6), 157-165. doi: 10.11648/j.jim.20180706.11
Bae, H. (2015), The Mediating Effect of Corporate Reputation between the Organizational Slack and Corporate Performance in Venture SMEs, Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 10(2).17-25.
Boso, N., Albert,D.,Leonidou, C., Uddin, M., Adeola, O.&Hultman, M. (2017). Does financial resource slack drive sustainability expenditure in developing economy small and medium-sized enterprises?, Journal of Business Research, 80, 247-256.
Bourgeois, L. J. (1981). On the measurements of organizational slack. Academy of Management Review, 6(1), 29-39.
Carroll, A. B. (2015). Corporate social responsibility: The centerpiece of competing and complementary frameworks. Organizational Dynamics, 44, 87-96.
Connors, E. & Gao, L. S.(2011). Corporate Environmental Performance, Disclosure and Leverage: An Integrated Approach. International Review of Accounting, and Banking and Finance, 3(3), 1-26.
Dyduch, J. & Krasodomska, J. (2017). Determinants of Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure: An Empirical Study of Polish Listed Companies. Sustainability, 9, 1-24
Garg, P. (2016). CSR and corporate performance: Evidence from India. Decision, 43(4), 333-349.
Gatimbu, K.K. &Wabwire, J. M. (2016). Effect of Corporate Environmental Disclosure on Financial Performance of Firms Listed at Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya. International Journal of Sustainability Management and Information Technologies, 2(1), 1-6, Doi: 10.11648/j.ijsmit.20160201.11.
George, G. (2005). Slack Resources and the performance of privately held firms. Academy of management Journal, 46(4),661-676.
Giannarakis, G. (2013). Determinants of corporate social responsibility disclosures: the case of the US companies. International Journal Information Systems and Change Management, 6(3), 205–221.
Ibrahim, U. A. & Abubakar, A. (2020). Assessing the Influence of Corporate Social Responsibility on Organizational Image in Selected Food and Beverage Companies in Nigeria. Science Journal of Business and Management, 8 (1), 27-34. doi: 10.11648/j.sjbm.20200801.14.
Igbekoyi, O. E. , Alade, M. E. & Oladele, R. (2019). Corporate Social Responsibility Compliance among Manufacturing Firms in Nigeria. Accounting and Taxation Review, 3(1), 27-41.
Juhmani, O. (2014). Determinants of Corporate Social and Environmental Disclosure on Websites: the Case of Bahrain. Universal Journal of Accounting and Finance, 2(4), pp. 77-87.
Julian, S. D. & Ofori-dankwa, J. C.(2013). Financial Resource Availability and Corporate Social Responsibility Expenditures in a Sub-Saharan Economy: The Institutional Difference Hypothesis. Strategic Management Journal , 34, 1314–1330.
Kang, C., Germann, F. &Grewal , R. (2016). Washing away your sins? CSR, CS Irresponsibility, and Firm Performance. Journal of Marketing, 80, 59-79.
Kanji, G.K & Chopra, P.K.(2020). Corporate social responsibility in a global economy. Total Qual. Manag. Bus. Excel. 21, 119–143.
Kim, W. S. & Oh, S. (2019). Corporate social responsibility, business groups and financial performance: a study of listed Indian firms, Economic Research-ekonomska Istrazivanja, 32(1), 1777–1793.
Maqbool, S. & Zameer, M. N. (2018). Corporate Social Responsibility and financial performance: An empirical analysis of Indian Banks. Future Business Journal, 4, 83-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fbj.2017.12.002
Masud, M. A. K., Rashid, M. H. U., Khan, T., Bae, S. M. & Kim, J. D. (2019). Organizational Strategy and Corporate Social Responsibility: The Mediating Effect of Triple Bottom Line, International. Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16, 1-18, doi:10.3390/ijerph16224559
Mattingly, J. E. & Olsen, L. (2018). Performance Outcomes of Investing Slack Resources in Corporate Social Responsibility. Journal of Leadership & OrganizationalStudies, 1 –18. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051818762336
Melo, T. (2012). Slack-resources hypothesis: a critical analysis under a multidimensional approach to corporate social performance. Social Responsibility Journal, 8(2), 257-269,DOI 10.1108/1747111121123487
Mohammed, N. A., Zakaree, S. &Oladele, O. K. (2016). Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure and Financial Performance of Listed Manufacturing Firms in Nigeria. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 7(4), 47-58.
Nawaiseh, M. E. (2015). Do Firm Size and Financial Performance Affect Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure: Employees’ and Environmental Dimensions?. .American Journal of Applied Sciences, 12 (12), 967-981, DOI: 10.3844/ajassp.2015.967.981.
Nohria, N., &Gulati, R. (1996). Is slack good or bad for innovation?. Academy of Management Journal, 39(5), 1245–1264.
Oyewumi , O. R., Ogunmeru, O. A &Oboh, C. S. (2018). Investment in corporate social responsibility, disclosure practices, and financial performance of banks in Nigeria. Future Business Journal, 4, 195–205.
Peng, C. W., & Yang, M. L. (2014). The effect of corporate social performance on financial performance: The moderating effect of ownership concentration. Journal of Business Ethics, 123(1), 171–182
Sahut, J., Peris‑Ortiz, M. & Teulon, F. (2019). Corporate social responsibility and governance. Journal of Management and Governance, 23, 901–912. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10997-019-09472-2
Sayekti, Y. (2017). The Effect of Slack Resources on Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Empirical Evidence on Indonesian Listed Companies. Global Journal of Business and Soc. Science. Review,5 (2) 70 – 75.
Sun, X. & Gunia, B. C. (2018). Economic Resources and Corporate Social Responsibility. Journal of Corporate Finance, 51, 332-351.
Sun, Y., Du, S. & Ding, Y. (2020). The Relationship between Slack Resources, Resource Bricolage, and Entrepreneurial Opportunity Identification—Based on Resource Opportunity Perspective. Sustainability, 12, 1- 25, doi:10.3390/su12031199
Tan, A., Benni, D. & Liani, W. (2016). Determinants of Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure and Investor Reaction. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 6(4), 11-17.
Tan, J. &Peng, M.(2003). Organizational slack and firm performance during economic transitions: two studies from an emerging economy. Strategic Management Journal, 24(13), 1249-1264.
Vanacker, T., Collewaert, V., & Paeleman, I. (2013). The relationship between slack resources and the performance of entrepreneurial firms: The role of venture capital and angel investors. Journal of Management Studies, 50(6), 1070-1096.
Vanacker, T., Collewaert, V.& Zahra, S. A. (2017). Slack resources, firm performance, and the institutional context: Evidence from privately held European firms. Strategic Management Journal, 38(6), 1305-1326.
Xu, E., Yang, H., Quan, J.M. & Lu, Y. (2015). Organizational slack and corporate social performance: Empirical evidence from China’s public firms. Asia Pac Journal Management, 32, 181–198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-014-9401-0
References
Akanno, S. N. Che, F. Radda, A. & Uzodinma, I. (2015), Patterns of corporate social and environmental disclosure in Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Financial Management Research, 3, 71-82.
Amato, C. H. &Amato, L. H.(2011). Corporate Commitment to Global Quality of Life Issues: Do Slack Resources, Industry Affiliations, and Multinational Headquarters Matter?. Business and Society, 50(2), 388 –416.
Arora, P. &Dharwadkar, R. (2011). Corporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): The Moderating Roles of Attainment Discrepancy and Organization Slack. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 19(2), 136–152.
Asamoah, G.(2019). Relationship Between Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance under Slack Resources Theory: Evidence from Ghanaian listed firms. Grasag E-Journal, 1(1), 23-49.
Ayalew, B. M. (2018). Corporate Social Responsibility Practices, Determinants and Challenges; Theoretical and Empirical Lesson for Effective and Successful Engagement. Journal of Investment and Management. 7(6), 157-165. doi: 10.11648/j.jim.20180706.11
Bae, H. (2015), The Mediating Effect of Corporate Reputation between the Organizational Slack and Corporate Performance in Venture SMEs, Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 10(2).17-25.
Boso, N., Albert,D.,Leonidou, C., Uddin, M., Adeola, O.&Hultman, M. (2017). Does financial resource slack drive sustainability expenditure in developing economy small and medium-sized enterprises?, Journal of Business Research, 80, 247-256.
Bourgeois, L. J. (1981). On the measurements of organizational slack. Academy of Management Review, 6(1), 29-39.
Carroll, A. B. (2015). Corporate social responsibility: The centerpiece of competing and complementary frameworks. Organizational Dynamics, 44, 87-96.
Connors, E. & Gao, L. S.(2011). Corporate Environmental Performance, Disclosure and Leverage: An Integrated Approach. International Review of Accounting, and Banking and Finance, 3(3), 1-26.
Dyduch, J. & Krasodomska, J. (2017). Determinants of Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure: An Empirical Study of Polish Listed Companies. Sustainability, 9, 1-24
Garg, P. (2016). CSR and corporate performance: Evidence from India. Decision, 43(4), 333-349.
Gatimbu, K.K. &Wabwire, J. M. (2016). Effect of Corporate Environmental Disclosure on Financial Performance of Firms Listed at Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya. International Journal of Sustainability Management and Information Technologies, 2(1), 1-6, Doi: 10.11648/j.ijsmit.20160201.11.
George, G. (2005). Slack Resources and the performance of privately held firms. Academy of management Journal, 46(4),661-676.
Giannarakis, G. (2013). Determinants of corporate social responsibility disclosures: the case of the US companies. International Journal Information Systems and Change Management, 6(3), 205–221.
Ibrahim, U. A. & Abubakar, A. (2020). Assessing the Influence of Corporate Social Responsibility on Organizational Image in Selected Food and Beverage Companies in Nigeria. Science Journal of Business and Management, 8 (1), 27-34. doi: 10.11648/j.sjbm.20200801.14.
Igbekoyi, O. E. , Alade, M. E. & Oladele, R. (2019). Corporate Social Responsibility Compliance among Manufacturing Firms in Nigeria. Accounting and Taxation Review, 3(1), 27-41.
Juhmani, O. (2014). Determinants of Corporate Social and Environmental Disclosure on Websites: the Case of Bahrain. Universal Journal of Accounting and Finance, 2(4), pp. 77-87.
Julian, S. D. & Ofori-dankwa, J. C.(2013). Financial Resource Availability and Corporate Social Responsibility Expenditures in a Sub-Saharan Economy: The Institutional Difference Hypothesis. Strategic Management Journal , 34, 1314–1330.
Kang, C., Germann, F. &Grewal , R. (2016). Washing away your sins? CSR, CS Irresponsibility, and Firm Performance. Journal of Marketing, 80, 59-79.
Kanji, G.K & Chopra, P.K.(2020). Corporate social responsibility in a global economy. Total Qual. Manag. Bus. Excel. 21, 119–143.
Kim, W. S. & Oh, S. (2019). Corporate social responsibility, business groups and financial performance: a study of listed Indian firms, Economic Research-ekonomska Istrazivanja, 32(1), 1777–1793.
Maqbool, S. & Zameer, M. N. (2018). Corporate Social Responsibility and financial performance: An empirical analysis of Indian Banks. Future Business Journal, 4, 83-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fbj.2017.12.002
Masud, M. A. K., Rashid, M. H. U., Khan, T., Bae, S. M. & Kim, J. D. (2019). Organizational Strategy and Corporate Social Responsibility: The Mediating Effect of Triple Bottom Line, International. Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16, 1-18, doi:10.3390/ijerph16224559
Mattingly, J. E. & Olsen, L. (2018). Performance Outcomes of Investing Slack Resources in Corporate Social Responsibility. Journal of Leadership & OrganizationalStudies, 1 –18. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051818762336
Melo, T. (2012). Slack-resources hypothesis: a critical analysis under a multidimensional approach to corporate social performance. Social Responsibility Journal, 8(2), 257-269,DOI 10.1108/1747111121123487
Mohammed, N. A., Zakaree, S. &Oladele, O. K. (2016). Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure and Financial Performance of Listed Manufacturing Firms in Nigeria. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 7(4), 47-58.
Nawaiseh, M. E. (2015). Do Firm Size and Financial Performance Affect Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure: Employees’ and Environmental Dimensions?. .American Journal of Applied Sciences, 12 (12), 967-981, DOI: 10.3844/ajassp.2015.967.981.
Nohria, N., &Gulati, R. (1996). Is slack good or bad for innovation?. Academy of Management Journal, 39(5), 1245–1264.
Oyewumi , O. R., Ogunmeru, O. A &Oboh, C. S. (2018). Investment in corporate social responsibility, disclosure practices, and financial performance of banks in Nigeria. Future Business Journal, 4, 195–205.
Peng, C. W., & Yang, M. L. (2014). The effect of corporate social performance on financial performance: The moderating effect of ownership concentration. Journal of Business Ethics, 123(1), 171–182
Sahut, J., Peris‑Ortiz, M. & Teulon, F. (2019). Corporate social responsibility and governance. Journal of Management and Governance, 23, 901–912. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10997-019-09472-2
Sayekti, Y. (2017). The Effect of Slack Resources on Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Empirical Evidence on Indonesian Listed Companies. Global Journal of Business and Soc. Science. Review,5 (2) 70 – 75.
Sun, X. & Gunia, B. C. (2018). Economic Resources and Corporate Social Responsibility. Journal of Corporate Finance, 51, 332-351.
Sun, Y., Du, S. & Ding, Y. (2020). The Relationship between Slack Resources, Resource Bricolage, and Entrepreneurial Opportunity Identification—Based on Resource Opportunity Perspective. Sustainability, 12, 1- 25, doi:10.3390/su12031199
Tan, A., Benni, D. & Liani, W. (2016). Determinants of Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure and Investor Reaction. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 6(4), 11-17.
Tan, J. &Peng, M.(2003). Organizational slack and firm performance during economic transitions: two studies from an emerging economy. Strategic Management Journal, 24(13), 1249-1264.
Vanacker, T., Collewaert, V., & Paeleman, I. (2013). The relationship between slack resources and the performance of entrepreneurial firms: The role of venture capital and angel investors. Journal of Management Studies, 50(6), 1070-1096.
Vanacker, T., Collewaert, V.& Zahra, S. A. (2017). Slack resources, firm performance, and the institutional context: Evidence from privately held European firms. Strategic Management Journal, 38(6), 1305-1326.
Xu, E., Yang, H., Quan, J.M. & Lu, Y. (2015). Organizational slack and corporate social performance: Empirical evidence from China’s public firms. Asia Pac Journal Management, 32, 181–198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-014-9401-0
References
Akanno, S. N. Che, F. Radda, A. & Uzodinma, I. (2015), Patterns of corporate social and environmental disclosure in Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Financial Management Research, 3, 71-82.
Amato, C. H. &Amato, L. H.(2011). Corporate Commitment to Global Quality of Life Issues: Do Slack Resources, Industry Affiliations, and Multinational Headquarters Matter?. Business and Society, 50(2), 388 –416.
Arora, P. &Dharwadkar, R. (2011). Corporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): The Moderating Roles of Attainment Discrepancy and Organization Slack. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 19(2), 136–152.
Asamoah, G.(2019). Relationship Between Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance under Slack Resources Theory: Evidence from Ghanaian listed firms. Grasag E-Journal, 1(1), 23-49.
Ayalew, B. M. (2018). Corporate Social Responsibility Practices, Determinants and Challenges; Theoretical and Empirical Lesson for Effective and Successful Engagement. Journal of Investment and Management. 7(6), 157-165. doi: 10.11648/j.jim.20180706.11
Bae, H. (2015), The Mediating Effect of Corporate Reputation between the Organizational Slack and Corporate Performance in Venture SMEs, Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 10(2).17-25.
Boso, N., Albert,D.,Leonidou, C., Uddin, M., Adeola, O.&Hultman, M. (2017). Does financial resource slack drive sustainability expenditure in developing economy small and medium-sized enterprises?, Journal of Business Research, 80, 247-256.
Bourgeois, L. J. (1981). On the measurements of organizational slack. Academy of Management Review, 6(1), 29-39.
Carroll, A. B. (2015). Corporate social responsibility: The centerpiece of competing and complementary frameworks. Organizational Dynamics, 44, 87-96.
Connors, E. & Gao, L. S.(2011). Corporate Environmental Performance, Disclosure and Leverage: An Integrated Approach. International Review of Accounting, and Banking and Finance, 3(3), 1-26.
Dyduch, J. & Krasodomska, J. (2017). Determinants of Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure: An Empirical Study of Polish Listed Companies. Sustainability, 9, 1-24
Garg, P. (2016). CSR and corporate performance: Evidence from India. Decision, 43(4), 333-349.
Gatimbu, K.K. &Wabwire, J. M. (2016). Effect of Corporate Environmental Disclosure on Financial Performance of Firms Listed at Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya. International Journal of Sustainability Management and Information Technologies, 2(1), 1-6, Doi: 10.11648/j.ijsmit.20160201.11.
George, G. (2005). Slack Resources and the performance of privately held firms. Academy of management Journal, 46(4),661-676.
Giannarakis, G. (2013). Determinants of corporate social responsibility disclosures: the case of the US companies. International Journal Information Systems and Change Management, 6(3), 205–221.
Ibrahim, U. A. & Abubakar, A. (2020). Assessing the Influence of Corporate Social Responsibility on Organizational Image in Selected Food and Beverage Companies in Nigeria. Science Journal of Business and Management, 8 (1), 27-34. doi: 10.11648/j.sjbm.20200801.14.
Igbekoyi, O. E. , Alade, M. E. & Oladele, R. (2019). Corporate Social Responsibility Compliance among Manufacturing Firms in Nigeria. Accounting and Taxation Review, 3(1), 27-41.
Juhmani, O. (2014). Determinants of Corporate Social and Environmental Disclosure on Websites: the Case of Bahrain. Universal Journal of Accounting and Finance, 2(4), pp. 77-87.
Julian, S. D. & Ofori-dankwa, J. C.(2013). Financial Resource Availability and Corporate Social Responsibility Expenditures in a Sub-Saharan Economy: The Institutional Difference Hypothesis. Strategic Management Journal , 34, 1314–1330.
Kang, C., Germann, F. &Grewal , R. (2016). Washing away your sins? CSR, CS Irresponsibility, and Firm Performance. Journal of Marketing, 80, 59-79.
Kanji, G.K & Chopra, P.K.(2020). Corporate social responsibility in a global economy. Total Qual. Manag. Bus. Excel. 21, 119–143.
Kim, W. S. & Oh, S. (2019). Corporate social responsibility, business groups and financial performance: a study of listed Indian firms, Economic Research-ekonomska Istrazivanja, 32(1), 1777–1793.
Maqbool, S. & Zameer, M. N. (2018). Corporate Social Responsibility and financial performance: An empirical analysis of Indian Banks. Future Business Journal, 4, 83-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fbj.2017.12.002
Masud, M. A. K., Rashid, M. H. U., Khan, T., Bae, S. M. & Kim, J. D. (2019). Organizational Strategy and Corporate Social Responsibility: The Mediating Effect of Triple Bottom Line, International. Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16, 1-18, doi:10.3390/ijerph16224559
Mattingly, J. E. & Olsen, L. (2018). Performance Outcomes of Investing Slack Resources in Corporate Social Responsibility. Journal of Leadership & OrganizationalStudies, 1 –18. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051818762336
Melo, T. (2012). Slack-resources hypothesis: a critical analysis under a multidimensional approach to corporate social performance. Social Responsibility Journal, 8(2), 257-269,DOI 10.1108/1747111121123487
Mohammed, N. A., Zakaree, S. &Oladele, O. K. (2016). Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure and Financial Performance of Listed Manufacturing Firms in Nigeria. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 7(4), 47-58.
Nawaiseh, M. E. (2015). Do Firm Size and Financial Performance Affect Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure: Employees’ and Environmental Dimensions?. .American Journal of Applied Sciences, 12 (12), 967-981, DOI: 10.3844/ajassp.2015.967.981.
Nohria, N., &Gulati, R. (1996). Is slack good or bad for innovation?. Academy of Management Journal, 39(5), 1245–1264.
Oyewumi , O. R., Ogunmeru, O. A &Oboh, C. S. (2018). Investment in corporate social responsibility, disclosure practices, and financial performance of banks in Nigeria. Future Business Journal, 4, 195–205.
Peng, C. W., & Yang, M. L. (2014). The effect of corporate social performance on financial performance: The moderating effect of ownership concentration. Journal of Business Ethics, 123(1), 171–182
Sahut, J., Peris‑Ortiz, M. & Teulon, F. (2019). Corporate social responsibility and governance. Journal of Management and Governance, 23, 901–912. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10997-019-09472-2
Sayekti, Y. (2017). The Effect of Slack Resources on Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Empirical Evidence on Indonesian Listed Companies. Global Journal of Business and Soc. Science. Review,5 (2) 70 – 75.
Sun, X. & Gunia, B. C. (2018). Economic Resources and Corporate Social Responsibility. Journal of Corporate Finance, 51, 332-351.
Sun, Y., Du, S. & Ding, Y. (2020). The Relationship between Slack Resources, Resource Bricolage, and Entrepreneurial Opportunity Identification—Based on Resource Opportunity Perspective. Sustainability, 12, 1- 25, doi:10.3390/su12031199
Tan, A., Benni, D. & Liani, W. (2016). Determinants of Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure and Investor Reaction. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 6(4), 11-17.
Tan, J. &Peng, M.(2003). Organizational slack and firm performance during economic transitions: two studies from an emerging economy. Strategic Management Journal, 24(13), 1249-1264.
Vanacker, T., Collewaert, V., & Paeleman, I. (2013). The relationship between slack resources and the performance of entrepreneurial firms: The role of venture capital and angel investors. Journal of Management Studies, 50(6), 1070-1096.
Vanacker, T., Collewaert, V.& Zahra, S. A. (2017). Slack resources, firm performance, and the institutional context: Evidence from privately held European firms. Strategic Management Journal, 38(6), 1305-1326.
Xu, E., Yang, H., Quan, J.M. & Lu, Y. (2015). Organizational slack and corporate social performance: Empirical evidence from China’s public firms. Asia Pac Journal Management, 32, 181–198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-014-9401-0
References
Akanno, S. N. Che, F. Radda, A. & Uzodinma, I. (2015), Patterns of corporate social and environmental disclosure in Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Financial Management Research, 3, 71-82.
Amato, C. H. &Amato, L. H.(2011). Corporate Commitment to Global Quality of Life Issues: Do Slack Resources, Industry Affiliations, and Multinational Headquarters Matter?. Business and Society, 50(2), 388 –416.
Arora, P. &Dharwadkar, R. (2011). Corporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): The Moderating Roles of Attainment Discrepancy and Organization Slack. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 19(2), 136–152.
Asamoah, G.(2019). Relationship Between Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance under Slack Resources Theory: Evidence from Ghanaian listed firms. Grasag E-Journal, 1(1), 23-49.
Ayalew, B. M. (2018). Corporate Social Responsibility Practices, Determinants and Challenges; Theoretical and Empirical Lesson for Effective and Successful Engagement. Journal of Investment and Management. 7(6), 157-165. doi: 10.11648/j.jim.20180706.11
Bae, H. (2015), The Mediating Effect of Corporate Reputation between the Organizational Slack and Corporate Performance in Venture SMEs, Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 10(2).17-25.
Boso, N., Albert,D.,Leonidou, C., Uddin, M., Adeola, O.&Hultman, M. (2017). Does financial resource slack drive sustainability expenditure in developing economy small and medium-sized enterprises?, Journal of Business Research, 80, 247-256.
Bourgeois, L. J. (1981). On the measurements of organizational slack. Academy of Management Review, 6(1), 29-39.
Carroll, A. B. (2015). Corporate social responsibility: The centerpiece of competing and complementary frameworks. Organizational Dynamics, 44, 87-96.
Connors, E. & Gao, L. S.(2011). Corporate Environmental Performance, Disclosure and Leverage: An Integrated Approach. International Review of Accounting, and Banking and Finance, 3(3), 1-26.
Dyduch, J. & Krasodomska, J. (2017). Determinants of Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure: An Empirical Study of Polish Listed Companies. Sustainability, 9, 1-24
Garg, P. (2016). CSR and corporate performance: Evidence from India. Decision, 43(4), 333-349.
Gatimbu, K.K. &Wabwire, J. M. (2016). Effect of Corporate Environmental Disclosure on Financial Performance of Firms Listed at Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya. International Journal of Sustainability Management and Information Technologies, 2(1), 1-6, Doi: 10.11648/j.ijsmit.20160201.11.
George, G. (2005). Slack Resources and the performance of privately held firms. Academy of management Journal, 46(4),661-676.
Giannarakis, G. (2013). Determinants of corporate social responsibility disclosures: the case of the US companies. International Journal Information Systems and Change Management, 6(3), 205–221.
Ibrahim, U. A. & Abubakar, A. (2020). Assessing the Influence of Corporate Social Responsibility on Organizational Image in Selected Food and Beverage Companies in Nigeria. Science Journal of Business and Management, 8 (1), 27-34. doi: 10.11648/j.sjbm.20200801.14.
Igbekoyi, O. E. , Alade, M. E. & Oladele, R. (2019). Corporate Social Responsibility Compliance among Manufacturing Firms in Nigeria. Accounting and Taxation Review, 3(1), 27-41.
Juhmani, O. (2014). Determinants of Corporate Social and Environmental Disclosure on Websites: the Case of Bahrain. Universal Journal of Accounting and Finance, 2(4), pp. 77-87.
Julian, S. D. & Ofori-dankwa, J. C.(2013). Financial Resource Availability and Corporate Social Responsibility Expenditures in a Sub-Saharan Economy: The Institutional Difference Hypothesis. Strategic Management Journal , 34, 1314–1330.
Kang, C., Germann, F. &Grewal , R. (2016). Washing away your sins? CSR, CS Irresponsibility, and Firm Performance. Journal of Marketing, 80, 59-79.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.24198/jaab.v4i2.33284
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