EFEKTIVITAS COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR ART THERAPY UNTUK MENINGKATKAN SELF-ESTEEM REMAJA OBESITAS YANG MENJADI KORBAN BULLYING
Abstrak
Remaja obesitas kerap menjadi korban bully. Self-esteem mereka yang rendah, menghambat mereka untuk dapat adaptif dengan lingkungannya, sehingga menjadi rentan untuk menjadi korban bully. Penelitian ini bertujuan utuk mengukur efektivitas pemberian Cognitive Behavior Art Therapy guna meningkatkan self-esteem remaja obesitas yang menjadi korban bully. Teknik intervensi yang digunakan untuk meningkatkan self-esteem pada remaja obesitas korban bully yaitu Cognitive Behavior Art Therapy yang diadaptasi dengan menggunakan panduan art therapy tecniques and application. Melalui intervensi ini, subjek mengeksplorasi emosi dan kebutuhannya, serta melakukan restrukturisasi kognitif pikiran negatif dan mengubahnya menjadi pikiran positif menggunakan media menggambar, agar mereka dapat adaptif dengan lingkungannya. Partisipan dalam penelitian ini adalah dua orang remaja obesitas korban bully yang mengalami kendala untuk dapat adaptif dengan lingkungannya, keduanya perempuan usia 15 tahun. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah one group pre-test post-test. Hasil penelitian dibahas secara deskriptif, karena jumlah partisipan yang hanya dua orang, tidak mencukupi untuk dilakukan uji hipotesis. Self-esteem diukur menggunakan Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory. Pengukuran self-esteem sebelum dan sesudah intervensi menunjukkan bahwa Cognitive Behavior Art Therapy cukup efektif dalam meningkatkan self-esteem kedua remaja obesitas korban bully tersebut. Subjek pertama mengalami peningkatan skor self-esteem sebesar 42,31%; sedangkan subjek kedua mengalami peningkatan skor self-esteem sebesar 38,46%. Dengan meningkatnya self-esteem, remaja obesitas korban bully menjadi lebih mampu mengenali kelebihan dan kekurangan dirinya, memberikan penilaian positif mengenai dirinya, sehingga dapat adaptif dengan lingkungannya.
Kata kunci : Cognitive Behavior Art Therapy, Self-esteem, Obesitas, Korban bully
Teks Lengkap:
PDFReferensi
Anggiani, Cita. (2016). Evektivitas Konseling Kelompok dalam Meningkatkan Self Esteem pada Siswa Korban Bullying SMPN X Bandung. Tugas Akhir Magister Profesi Psikologi Klinis Dewasa.: Universitas Islam Bandung
Agustiani, Hendriati. (2006). Psikologi Perkembangan : Pendekatan Ekologi Kaitannya dengan Konsep Diri dan Penyesuaian Diri pada Remaja . Bandung: Refika Aditama
Alavinezhad, R., Mousavi, M., & Sohrabi, N. (2014). Effects of Art therapy on Anger and Self-Esteem In Aggressive. Social and Behavioral Sciences 113
Arikunto, Suharsimi. (2009). Manajemen Penelitian. Jakarta : PT. Rineka Cipta.
Ariyani, A. (2004). Perbedaan Hope dan Self Esteem antara Remaja yang Pernah Menggunakan Narkoba dan Remaja yang Tidak Pernah Menggunakan Narkoba. Tugas Akhir Magister Profesi Psikologi Klinis Dewasa. Depok: Fakultas Psikologi UI
Asmaradewi, D. M. (2002). Perbedaan Harga Diri dan Kepuasan Citra Tubuh pada Remaja Putri dan Putra yang Kegemukan . Skripsi (Tidak diterbitkan). Depok: Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Indonesia.
Awaliah, Tuti (2015). Pengaruh Cognitive Behavioral Art Therapy Melalui Menggambar Untuk Meningkatkan Harga Diri Siswa SMP X Cileunyi. Tesis: Universitas Islam Bandung
Bennet, J. L., Butler, G., Fennel, M., Hackman, Mueller, A., & Westbrook, D. (2004). Oxford Guide to Behavioural Experiments in Cognitive Therapy. London: Oxford University Press.
Boden, J. M., Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J. (2008). Does adolescent self-esteem predict later life outcomes? A test of the causal role of self-esteem. Development and Psychopathology Patrick
Bolton, Brian. (2003). Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin; Fall2003, volume 47 issue 1, page 58.
Bos, A. E. R., Muris, P., Mulkens, S., & Schaalma, H. P. (2006). Changing self-esteem in children and adolescents: A roadmap for future interventions. Netherlands Journal of Psychology.
Brewin, C. R., Dalgleish, T., & Joseph, S. (1996). A dual representation theory of post traumatic stress disorder. Psychological Review, 103 (4), 670–686.
Buchalter, Susan. (2009). Art Therapy Techniques and Applications, Jessica Kingsley Publishers
Burns, R.B. 1993 Konsep Diri (Teori, Pengukuran, Perkembangan dan Prilaku). Jakarta: Arcan
Christensen, Ronald. (2001). Advanced Linear Medeling. New York: Maple-Vail Book Manufacturing Group.
Clark, D. A., & Beck, A. T. (2010). Cognitive Theory and Therapy of Anxiety and Depression: Convergence with Neurobiological Findings. Trends in Cognitive Science,
Coopersmith, S. (1967). The Antecedent Of Self Esteem. San Fransisco : Freman Press
Dow, Georgia. (2008). Increasing Self Esteem through Art Therapy. A Research Paper in The Departement of Creative Art Therapies. Montreal: Concordia University
Emler, Nicholas. (2001). Self Esteem: The Cost and Causes of Low Self Worth. York: Published for Joseph Rowntree Foundation by YPS
Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: Norton
Fennell, Melanie J. V. (1998). Cognintive Therapy in the Treatment of Low Self Esteem. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment. Journal of Psychology
Fennell, Melanie. (1998). The Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Approach. London: John Wiley & Sons
Fennell , M. & Jenkins, H. (2004). Low Self-Esteem. In J. Bennett-Levy, G. Butler, M.Fennell et al (Eds), Oxford Guide to Behavioural Experiments in Cognitive Therapy. Oxford: Oxford Medical Publications.
Forest, Melanie. (2006). Children Who Bully: A School-Based Intervention Using Cognitive Behavioural Art Therapy. A Research Paper in Th Department of The Creative Arts Therapies. Quebec: Concordia Univesrity
Frey, D & Carlock, C. J. (1987). Enhancing Self Esteem. Ohio: Accelerated Development
George, Everly S. 2002. A Clinical Guide to The Treatment of The Human Stress Response. New York. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
Guindon, Marry H. (2010). Self Esteem Across the Lifespan: Issue and Interventions. New York: Routledge
Greenberg, Leslie S. (2008). "Emotion and cognition in psychotherapy: the transforming power of affect". Canadian Psychology.
Guindon, Marry H. (2010).Self Esteem Across the Lifespan: Issues and Interventions. New York: Routladge
Hartz, L., Adrian, MI, & Thick, L., Scranton, PA. (2005). Art Therapy Strategies to Raise Self Esteem in Female Juvenile Offenders: A Comparison of Art Psychotherapy and Art as Therapy Approaces.Journal of The American Art Therapy Assosiation
Hurlock, E. B. (1999). Psikologi Perkembangan: Suatu Pendekatan Sepanjang Ruang Kehidupan. Edisi 5. Jakarta: Erlangga
Indraswari, Paramita. (2012). Modifikasi Perilaku untuk Meningkatkan Self Esteem Remaja (dengan Teknik Restrukturisasi Kognitif, Visualisasi, dan Memperbaiki Penampilan Diri). Tugas Akhir Magister Profesi Psikologi Klinis Dewasa. Depok: Universitas Indonesia.
Karkou, V. & Glasman, J. (2004). Arts, Education and society: the Role of The Arts in Promoting the Emotional Well Being and Social Inclysion of Young People. ‘Support for Learning’
Kernis, Michael H.(2006). Toward a Conceprualization of Optimalization Self Esteem. Taylor & Francis, Ltd:
Kesner, R. P. (1998). Neural mediation of memory for time: Role of the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 5, 585–596.
Kinsella, Philip. & Garland, Anne. (2007). Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Mental Health Workers: A Beginner’s Guide. New York: Routledge
Lane, R. D., Fink, G. R., Chau, P. M., & Dolan, R. J. (1997). Neural activation during selective attention to subjective emotional responses. Neuroreport, 8(18), 3969- 3972
Latipun. (2006). Psikologi Eksperimen. Malang: Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang Press.
Lazarus, 1999. Stress and Emotions, a new synthesis. Springer Publishing Company, Inc.
Lim, L., Saulsman, L., & Nathan, P. (2005). Improving Self-Esteem. Perth, Western Australia: Centre for Clinical Interventions.
Lytle, L. A., Seifert, S., Greenstien, J., & McGovern, P. (2000). How do children’s eating patterns and food choices change over time? Results from a cohort study. American Journal of Health Promotion
Malchiodi, Cathy A. (2003). Handbook of Art Therapy. New York: Guildford Press
Maultsby, Maxie C. (1984). Rational Behavior Therapy. Prentice Hall
McKay, Matthew & Fanning, Patrick. (1987). Self Esteem. Oakland: New Harbinger Publications
Moleong, Lexy J. (2007) Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya Offset
Monks, K.J (2006). Psikologi Perkembangan : Pengantar dalam Berbagai Bagiannya. Yogyakarta : Gajah Mada. University Press
Morris, Frances J. (2014). The Arts in Psychotherapy: Should art be integrated into cognitive behavioral therapy for Anxiety Disordes? Psychology Journal of Forida State University, United States: Elsevier Ltd
Mruk, C. (2006).Self-esteem Research, Theory, and Practice: Toward a positive psychology of self-esteem (3rd Ed). New York: Springer.
Nasar SS. (1995). Obesitas Pada Anak, Aspek Klinis, dan Pencegahannya. Dalam: Samsudin, Nasar SS, Sjaif Dr, Penyunting Naskah Lengkap PKB-IKA XXXV. Masalah Gizi Ganda dan Tumbuh Kembang Anak. Jakarta: Bina Rupa Aksara
Noor, Hasanuddin. (2009). Psikometri: Aplikasi Dalam Penyusunan Instrumen Pengukuran Perilaku. Bandung: UNISBA
Ochsner, K. N., Knierim, K., Ludlow, D., Hanelin, J., Ramachandran, T., & Mackey, S. (2004). Reflecting upon feelings: An fMRI study of neural systems supporting the attribution of emotion to self and other. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16(10), 1746-1772.
Oster, Gerrald. & Crone, Patricia Gould. (20004). Using Drawing in Assessment and Therapy: A Guide for Mental Health. New York: BrunnerRoutledge
Papalia, E. Diane., Olds, W.S. Feldman D.R. (2001). Human Development (8th edition). New York : Mc Graw Hill, Inc.
Piaget, J. (1973). Memory and Intelligence. New York: Basic Books.
Pikunas. 1983. Human Development :An Emergent Science. Tokyo :Mc Graw Hill.
Prameswari, Sorga Perucha Iful , Siti Aisah, Mifbakhuddin. (2013). Hubungan Obesitas dengan Citra Diri dan Harga Diri Remaja Putri Di Semarang. Jurnal keperawatan komunitas
Poerwandari, E. Kristi. (1998). Metode Penelitian Sosial. Jakarta : Universitas Terbuka
Purwoko, Saktiyono Budi. (2012). Pengaruh Restrukturisasi Kognitif Melalui Al- Fatihah Terhadap Penurunan Derajat Stres Pada Penderita Demam Rematik Dengan Gejala Korea. Tesis: Universitas Islam Bandung
Reynolds, M. W., Nabors, L., & Quinlan, A. (2000). The effectiveness of art therapy: Does it work? Art Therapy
Raskin, J,D., Weihs, K.D., & Morano, L.A. (2005) Personal ConstructPsychotherapy Meets Constructivism: Convergence, Divergence, Possibility. London: Whurr.
Rosal, M. (2001). Cognitive-behavioral art therapy. In J. A. Rubin (Ed.), Approaches to art therapy (2nd ed., pp. 210–225). Ann Arbor, MI: Sheridan Books
Rozum, A. L., & Malchiodi, C. A. (2003). Cognitive-Behavioura Approaches. In C. A. Malchiodi, Handbook of Art therapy (pp. 73-81). New York: The Guilford Press.
Rubin, Judith Aaron. (2001). Approaches to Art Therapy. London: Taylor & Francis Ltd
Ryden, M. B. 1978. An adult version of the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory: Test-retest reliability and social desirability. Psychological Reports 43:1189–1190
Santrock, J. W. (2001). Adolescence: perkembangan remaja (Edisi Ke-6). Jakarta : Penerbit Erlangga
Sarafino, J.W. (2002). Health Psychology: Biopsychology Social Interactions (4th edition). New York: John Willey & Sons.
Sarandria. (2012). Efektivitas Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) untuk Meningkatkan Self Esteem pada Dewasa Muda. Tugas Akhir Magister Profesi Psikologi Klinis Dewasa. Depok: Universitas Indonesia.
Seifert,L.K., Hafftong, J.R. 2000. Child and Adolescent Development. Second Edition. Boston : Hougton Mifflin Co
Seligman, L. 2006. Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy. New Jersey: Pearson Merril Prentice Hall.
Siregar, Ade Rahmawati. (2006). Harga Diri Remaja Obesitas. Medan: USU Repository
Siswono (2007). Obesitas Ajang Reuni Berbagai Penyakit. Dari: http:www.gizi.net
Somers, Julian. (2007). Cognitive Behavioural Therapy: Core Information Document. Vancouver BC: CARMHA
Stallard, Paul. (2002). Think Good – Feel Good: A Cognitive Behavior Therapy Workbook for Children and Young People. West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd
Stallard, Paul. (2004). Growing Minds: An Introduction to Cognitive Development. London. John Willey
Struening, Elmer L et, al. (2001). The Concequences of Stigma for the Self Esteem of People With Mental Illnesses
Walpole, R. E. (1995). Pengantar Statistika. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Westbrook, D., Kennerley, H. & Kirk, J. (2007). An Introduction to Cognitive Behavioural Therapy: Skill & Applications. Great Britain: Sage Publication
W. H. Freeman & Company Dacey & Kenny. (2001). Adolescent Development (2nd ed). New York: Mc Graw Hill
Willson, R. & Branch, R. (2006). Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Dummies West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd
Winick, M. (1996). Editorial: Understanding and treating obesity. American Journal of Public Health, Retrieved May 16, 2008, from http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1380430&blobtype =pdf
Wurtman, R. J., & J.J. Wurtman. (1986). Carbohydrate Craving, Obesity, and Brain Serotonin. Appetite
Sumber Internet
https://www.tanyadok.com/anak/obesitas-pada-remaja
http://www.republika.co.id/berita/gaya-hidup/info-sehat/13/03/04/mj543o-ini-dia-penyebab-meningkatnya-angka-obesitas
http://intisari-online.com/Techno/Science/Fakta-Tentang-Obesitas-Dan-Kegemukan
http://www.bbc.com/indonesia/majalah/2014/05/140529_iptek_indonesia_obesitas
Anggiani, Cita. (2016). Evektivitas Konseling Kelompok dalam Meningkatkan Self Esteem pada Siswa Korban Bullying SMPN X Bandung. Tugas Akhir Magister Profesi Psikologi Klinis Dewasa.: Universitas Islam Bandung
Agustiani, Hendriati. (2006). Psikologi Perkembangan : Pendekatan Ekologi Kaitannya dengan Konsep Diri dan Penyesuaian Diri pada Remaja . Bandung: Refika Aditama
Alavinezhad, R., Mousavi, M., & Sohrabi, N. (2014). Effects of Art therapy on Anger and Self-Esteem In Aggressive. Social and Behavioral Sciences 113
Arikunto, Suharsimi. (2009). Manajemen Penelitian. Jakarta : PT. Rineka Cipta.
Ariyani, A. (2004). Perbedaan Hope dan Self Esteem antara Remaja yang Pernah Menggunakan Narkoba dan Remaja yang Tidak Pernah Menggunakan Narkoba. Tugas Akhir Magister Profesi Psikologi Klinis Dewasa. Depok: Fakultas Psikologi UI
Asmaradewi, D. M. (2002). Perbedaan Harga Diri dan Kepuasan Citra Tubuh pada Remaja Putri dan Putra yang Kegemukan . Skripsi (Tidak diterbitkan). Depok: Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Indonesia.
Awaliah, Tuti (2015). Pengaruh Cognitive Behavioral Art Therapy Melalui Menggambar Untuk Meningkatkan Harga Diri Siswa SMP X Cileunyi. Tesis: Universitas Islam Bandung
Bennet, J. L., Butler, G., Fennel, M., Hackman, Mueller, A., & Westbrook, D. (2004). Oxford Guide to Behavioural Experiments in Cognitive Therapy. London: Oxford University Press.
Boden, J. M., Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J. (2008). Does adolescent self-esteem predict later life outcomes? A test of the causal role of self-esteem. Development and Psychopathology Patrick
Bolton, Brian. (2003). Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin; Fall2003, volume 47 issue 1, page 58.
Bos, A. E. R., Muris, P., Mulkens, S., & Schaalma, H. P. (2006). Changing self-esteem in children and adolescents: A roadmap for future interventions. Netherlands Journal of Psychology.
Brewin, C. R., Dalgleish, T., & Joseph, S. (1996). A dual representation theory of post traumatic stress disorder. Psychological Review, 103 (4), 670–686.
Buchalter, Susan. (2009). Art Therapy Techniques and Applications, Jessica Kingsley Publishers
Burns, R.B. 1993 Konsep Diri (Teori, Pengukuran, Perkembangan dan Prilaku). Jakarta: Arcan
Christensen, Ronald. (2001). Advanced Linear Medeling. New York: Maple-Vail Book Manufacturing Group.
Clark, D. A., & Beck, A. T. (2010). Cognitive Theory and Therapy of Anxiety and Depression: Convergence with Neurobiological Findings. Trends in Cognitive Science,
Coopersmith, S. (1967). The Antecedent Of Self Esteem. San Fransisco : Freman Press
Dow, Georgia. (2008). Increasing Self Esteem through Art Therapy. A Research Paper in The Departement of Creative Art Therapies. Montreal: Concordia University
Emler, Nicholas. (2001). Self Esteem: The Cost and Causes of Low Self Worth. York: Published for Joseph Rowntree Foundation by YPS
Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: Norton
Fennell, Melanie J. V. (1998). Cognintive Therapy in the Treatment of Low Self Esteem. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment. Journal of Psychology
Fennell, Melanie. (1998). The Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Approach. London: John Wiley & Sons
Fennell , M. & Jenkins, H. (2004). Low Self-Esteem. In J. Bennett-Levy, G. Butler, M.Fennell et al (Eds), Oxford Guide to Behavioural Experiments in Cognitive Therapy. Oxford: Oxford Medical Publications.
Forest, Melanie. (2006). Children Who Bully: A School-Based Intervention Using Cognitive Behavioural Art Therapy. A Research Paper in Th Department of The Creative Arts Therapies. Quebec: Concordia Univesrity
Frey, D & Carlock, C. J. (1987). Enhancing Self Esteem. Ohio: Accelerated Development
George, Everly S. 2002. A Clinical Guide to The Treatment of The Human Stress Response. New York. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
Guindon, Marry H. (2010). Self Esteem Across the Lifespan: Issue and Interventions. New York: Routledge
Greenberg, Leslie S. (2008). "Emotion and cognition in psychotherapy: the transforming power of affect". Canadian Psychology.
Guindon, Marry H. (2010).Self Esteem Across the Lifespan: Issues and Interventions. New York: Routladge
Hartz, L., Adrian, MI, & Thick, L., Scranton, PA. (2005). Art Therapy Strategies to Raise Self Esteem in Female Juvenile Offenders: A Comparison of Art Psychotherapy and Art as Therapy Approaces.Journal of The American Art Therapy Assosiation
Hurlock, E. B. (1999). Psikologi Perkembangan: Suatu Pendekatan Sepanjang Ruang Kehidupan. Edisi 5. Jakarta: Erlangga
Indraswari, Paramita. (2012). Modifikasi Perilaku untuk Meningkatkan Self Esteem Remaja (dengan Teknik Restrukturisasi Kognitif, Visualisasi, dan Memperbaiki Penampilan Diri). Tugas Akhir Magister Profesi Psikologi Klinis Dewasa. Depok: Universitas Indonesia.
Karkou, V. & Glasman, J. (2004). Arts, Education and society: the Role of The Arts in Promoting the Emotional Well Being and Social Inclysion of Young People. ‘Support for Learning’
Kernis, Michael H.(2006). Toward a Conceprualization of Optimalization Self Esteem. Taylor & Francis, Ltd:
Kesner, R. P. (1998). Neural mediation of memory for time: Role of the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 5, 585–596.
Kinsella, Philip. & Garland, Anne. (2007). Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Mental Health Workers: A Beginner’s Guide. New York: Routledge
Lane, R. D., Fink, G. R., Chau, P. M., & Dolan, R. J. (1997). Neural activation during selective attention to subjective emotional responses. Neuroreport, 8(18), 3969- 3972
Latipun. (2006). Psikologi Eksperimen. Malang: Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang Press.
Lazarus, 1999. Stress and Emotions, a new synthesis. Springer Publishing Company, Inc.
Lim, L., Saulsman, L., & Nathan, P. (2005). Improving Self-Esteem. Perth, Western Australia: Centre for Clinical Interventions.
Lytle, L. A., Seifert, S., Greenstien, J., & McGovern, P. (2000). How do children’s eating patterns and food choices change over time? Results from a cohort study. American Journal of Health Promotion
Malchiodi, Cathy A. (2003). Handbook of Art Therapy. New York: Guildford Press
Maultsby, Maxie C. (1984). Rational Behavior Therapy. Prentice Hall
McKay, Matthew & Fanning, Patrick. (1987). Self Esteem. Oakland: New Harbinger Publications
Moleong, Lexy J. (2007) Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya Offset
Monks, K.J (2006). Psikologi Perkembangan : Pengantar dalam Berbagai Bagiannya. Yogyakarta : Gajah Mada. University Press
Morris, Frances J. (2014). The Arts in Psychotherapy: Should art be integrated into cognitive behavioral therapy for Anxiety Disordes? Psychology Journal of Forida State University, United States: Elsevier Ltd
Mruk, C. (2006).Self-esteem Research, Theory, and Practice: Toward a positive psychology of self-esteem (3rd Ed). New York: Springer.
Nasar SS. (1995). Obesitas Pada Anak, Aspek Klinis, dan Pencegahannya. Dalam: Samsudin, Nasar SS, Sjaif Dr, Penyunting Naskah Lengkap PKB-IKA XXXV. Masalah Gizi Ganda dan Tumbuh Kembang Anak. Jakarta: Bina Rupa Aksara
Noor, Hasanuddin. (2009). Psikometri: Aplikasi Dalam Penyusunan Instrumen Pengukuran Perilaku. Bandung: UNISBA
Ochsner, K. N., Knierim, K., Ludlow, D., Hanelin, J., Ramachandran, T., & Mackey, S. (2004). Reflecting upon feelings: An fMRI study of neural systems supporting the attribution of emotion to self and other. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16(10), 1746-1772.
Oster, Gerrald. & Crone, Patricia Gould. (20004). Using Drawing in Assessment and Therapy: A Guide for Mental Health. New York: BrunnerRoutledge
Papalia, E. Diane., Olds, W.S. Feldman D.R. (2001). Human Development (8th edition). New York : Mc Graw Hill, Inc.
Piaget, J. (1973). Memory and Intelligence. New York: Basic Books.
Pikunas. 1983. Human Development :An Emergent Science. Tokyo :Mc Graw Hill.
Prameswari, Sorga Perucha Iful , Siti Aisah, Mifbakhuddin. (2013). Hubungan Obesitas dengan Citra Diri dan Harga Diri Remaja Putri Di Semarang. Jurnal keperawatan komunitas
Poerwandari, E. Kristi. (1998). Metode Penelitian Sosial. Jakarta : Universitas Terbuka
Purwoko, Saktiyono Budi. (2012). Pengaruh Restrukturisasi Kognitif Melalui Al- Fatihah Terhadap Penurunan Derajat Stres Pada Penderita Demam Rematik Dengan Gejala Korea. Tesis: Universitas Islam Bandung
Reynolds, M. W., Nabors, L., & Quinlan, A. (2000). The effectiveness of art therapy: Does it work? Art Therapy
Raskin, J,D., Weihs, K.D., & Morano, L.A. (2005) Personal ConstructPsychotherapy Meets Constructivism: Convergence, Divergence, Possibility. London: Whurr.
Rosal, M. (2001). Cognitive-behavioral art therapy. In J. A. Rubin (Ed.), Approaches to art therapy (2nd ed., pp. 210–225). Ann Arbor, MI: Sheridan Books
Rozum, A. L., & Malchiodi, C. A. (2003). Cognitive-Behavioura Approaches. In C. A. Malchiodi, Handbook of Art therapy (pp. 73-81). New York: The Guilford Press.
Rubin, Judith Aaron. (2001). Approaches to Art Therapy. London: Taylor & Francis Ltd
Ryden, M. B. 1978. An adult version of the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory: Test-retest reliability and social desirability. Psychological Reports 43:1189–1190
Santrock, J. W. (2001). Adolescence: perkembangan remaja (Edisi Ke-6). Jakarta : Penerbit Erlangga
Sarafino, J.W. (2002). Health Psychology: Biopsychology Social Interactions (4th edition). New York: John Willey & Sons.
Sarandria. (2012). Efektivitas Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) untuk Meningkatkan Self Esteem pada Dewasa Muda. Tugas Akhir Magister Profesi Psikologi Klinis Dewasa. Depok: Universitas Indonesia.
Seifert,L.K., Hafftong, J.R. 2000. Child and Adolescent Development. Second Edition. Boston : Hougton Mifflin Co
Seligman, L. 2006. Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy. New Jersey: Pearson Merril Prentice Hall.
Siregar, Ade Rahmawati. (2006). Harga Diri Remaja Obesitas. Medan: USU Repository
Siswono (2007). Obesitas Ajang Reuni Berbagai Penyakit. Dari: http:www.gizi.net
Somers, Julian. (2007). Cognitive Behavioural Therapy: Core Information Document. Vancouver BC: CARMHA
Stallard, Paul. (2002). Think Good – Feel Good: A Cognitive Behavior Therapy Workbook for Children and Young People. West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd
Stallard, Paul. (2004). Growing Minds: An Introduction to Cognitive Development. London. John Willey
Struening, Elmer L et, al. (2001). The Concequences of Stigma for the Self Esteem of People With Mental Illnesses
Walpole, R. E. (1995). Pengantar Statistika. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Westbrook, D., Kennerley, H. & Kirk, J. (2007). An Introduction to Cognitive Behavioural Therapy: Skill & Applications. Great Britain: Sage Publication
W. H. Freeman & Company Dacey & Kenny. (2001). Adolescent Development (2nd ed). New York: Mc Graw Hill
Willson, R. & Branch, R. (2006). Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Dummies West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd
Winick, M. (1996). Editorial: Understanding and treating obesity. American Journal of Public Health, Retrieved May 16, 2008, from http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1380430&blobtype =pdf
Wurtman, R. J., & J.J. Wurtman. (1986). Carbohydrate Craving, Obesity, and Brain Serotonin. Appetite
Sumber Internet
https://www.tanyadok.com/anak/obesitas-pada-remaja
http://www.republika.co.id/berita/gaya-hidup/info-sehat/13/03/04/mj543o-ini-dia-penyebab-meningkatnya-angka-obesitas
http://intisari-online.com/Techno/Science/Fakta-Tentang-Obesitas-Dan-Kegemukan
http://www.bbc.com/indonesia/majalah/2014/05/140529_iptek_indonesia_obesitas
Anggiani, Cita. (2016). Evektivitas Konseling Kelompok dalam Meningkatkan Self Esteem pada Siswa Korban Bullying SMPN X Bandung. Tugas Akhir Magister Profesi Psikologi Klinis Dewasa.: Universitas Islam Bandung
Agustiani, Hendriati. (2006). Psikologi Perkembangan : Pendekatan Ekologi Kaitannya dengan Konsep Diri dan Penyesuaian Diri pada Remaja . Bandung: Refika Aditama
Alavinezhad, R., Mousavi, M., & Sohrabi, N. (2014). Effects of Art therapy on Anger and Self-Esteem In Aggressive. Social and Behavioral Sciences 113
Arikunto, Suharsimi. (2009). Manajemen Penelitian. Jakarta : PT. Rineka Cipta.
Ariyani, A. (2004). Perbedaan Hope dan Self Esteem antara Remaja yang Pernah Menggunakan Narkoba dan Remaja yang Tidak Pernah Menggunakan Narkoba. Tugas Akhir Magister Profesi Psikologi Klinis Dewasa. Depok: Fakultas Psikologi UI
Asmaradewi, D. M. (2002). Perbedaan Harga Diri dan Kepuasan Citra Tubuh pada Remaja Putri dan Putra yang Kegemukan . Skripsi (Tidak diterbitkan). Depok: Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Indonesia.
Awaliah, Tuti (2015). Pengaruh Cognitive Behavioral Art Therapy Melalui Menggambar Untuk Meningkatkan Harga Diri Siswa SMP X Cileunyi. Tesis: Universitas Islam Bandung
Bennet, J. L., Butler, G., Fennel, M., Hackman, Mueller, A., & Westbrook, D. (2004). Oxford Guide to Behavioural Experiments in Cognitive Therapy. London: Oxford University Press.
Boden, J. M., Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J. (2008). Does adolescent self-esteem predict later life outcomes? A test of the causal role of self-esteem. Development and Psychopathology Patrick
Bolton, Brian. (2003). Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin; Fall2003, volume 47 issue 1, page 58.
Bos, A. E. R., Muris, P., Mulkens, S., & Schaalma, H. P. (2006). Changing self-esteem in children and adolescents: A roadmap for future interventions. Netherlands Journal of Psychology.
Brewin, C. R., Dalgleish, T., & Joseph, S. (1996). A dual representation theory of post traumatic stress disorder. Psychological Review, 103 (4), 670–686.
Buchalter, Susan. (2009). Art Therapy Techniques and Applications, Jessica Kingsley Publishers
Burns, R.B. 1993 Konsep Diri (Teori, Pengukuran, Perkembangan dan Prilaku). Jakarta: Arcan
Christensen, Ronald. (2001). Advanced Linear Medeling. New York: Maple-Vail Book Manufacturing Group.
Clark, D. A., & Beck, A. T. (2010). Cognitive Theory and Therapy of Anxiety and Depression: Convergence with Neurobiological Findings. Trends in Cognitive Science,
Coopersmith, S. (1967). The Antecedent Of Self Esteem. San Fransisco : Freman Press
Dow, Georgia. (2008). Increasing Self Esteem through Art Therapy. A Research Paper in The Departement of Creative Art Therapies. Montreal: Concordia University
Emler, Nicholas. (2001). Self Esteem: The Cost and Causes of Low Self Worth. York: Published for Joseph Rowntree Foundation by YPS
Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: Norton
Fennell, Melanie J. V. (1998). Cognintive Therapy in the Treatment of Low Self Esteem. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment. Journal of Psychology
Fennell, Melanie. (1998). The Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Approach. London: John Wiley & Sons
Fennell , M. & Jenkins, H. (2004). Low Self-Esteem. In J. Bennett-Levy, G. Butler, M.Fennell et al (Eds), Oxford Guide to Behavioural Experiments in Cognitive Therapy. Oxford: Oxford Medical Publications.
Forest, Melanie. (2006). Children Who Bully: A School-Based Intervention Using Cognitive Behavioural Art Therapy. A Research Paper in Th Department of The Creative Arts Therapies. Quebec: Concordia Univesrity
Frey, D & Carlock, C. J. (1987). Enhancing Self Esteem. Ohio: Accelerated Development
George, Everly S. 2002. A Clinical Guide to The Treatment of The Human Stress Response. New York. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
Guindon, Marry H. (2010). Self Esteem Across the Lifespan: Issue and Interventions. New York: Routledge
Greenberg, Leslie S. (2008). "Emotion and cognition in psychotherapy: the transforming power of affect". Canadian Psychology.
Guindon, Marry H. (2010).Self Esteem Across the Lifespan: Issues and Interventions. New York: Routladge
Hartz, L., Adrian, MI, & Thick, L., Scranton, PA. (2005). Art Therapy Strategies to Raise Self Esteem in Female Juvenile Offenders: A Comparison of Art Psychotherapy and Art as Therapy Approaces.Journal of The American Art Therapy Assosiation
Hurlock, E. B. (1999). Psikologi Perkembangan: Suatu Pendekatan Sepanjang Ruang Kehidupan. Edisi 5. Jakarta: Erlangga
Indraswari, Paramita. (2012). Modifikasi Perilaku untuk Meningkatkan Self Esteem Remaja (dengan Teknik Restrukturisasi Kognitif, Visualisasi, dan Memperbaiki Penampilan Diri). Tugas Akhir Magister Profesi Psikologi Klinis Dewasa. Depok: Universitas Indonesia.
Karkou, V. & Glasman, J. (2004). Arts, Education and society: the Role of The Arts in Promoting the Emotional Well Being and Social Inclysion of Young People. ‘Support for Learning’
Kernis, Michael H.(2006). Toward a Conceprualization of Optimalization Self Esteem. Taylor & Francis, Ltd:
Kesner, R. P. (1998). Neural mediation of memory for time: Role of the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 5, 585–596.
Kinsella, Philip. & Garland, Anne. (2007). Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Mental Health Workers: A Beginner’s Guide. New York: Routledge
Lane, R. D., Fink, G. R., Chau, P. M., & Dolan, R. J. (1997). Neural activation during selective attention to subjective emotional responses. Neuroreport, 8(18), 3969- 3972
Latipun. (2006). Psikologi Eksperimen. Malang: Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang Press.
Lazarus, 1999. Stress and Emotions, a new synthesis. Springer Publishing Company, Inc.
Lim, L., Saulsman, L., & Nathan, P. (2005). Improving Self-Esteem. Perth, Western Australia: Centre for Clinical Interventions.
Lytle, L. A., Seifert, S., Greenstien, J., & McGovern, P. (2000). How do children’s eating patterns and food choices change over time? Results from a cohort study. American Journal of Health Promotion
Malchiodi, Cathy A. (2003). Handbook of Art Therapy. New York: Guildford Press
Maultsby, Maxie C. (1984). Rational Behavior Therapy. Prentice Hall
McKay, Matthew & Fanning, Patrick. (1987). Self Esteem. Oakland: New Harbinger Publications
Moleong, Lexy J. (2007) Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya Offset
Monks, K.J (2006). Psikologi Perkembangan : Pengantar dalam Berbagai Bagiannya. Yogyakarta : Gajah Mada. University Press
Morris, Frances J. (2014). The Arts in Psychotherapy: Should art be integrated into cognitive behavioral therapy for Anxiety Disordes? Psychology Journal of Forida State University, United States: Elsevier Ltd
Mruk, C. (2006).Self-esteem Research, Theory, and Practice: Toward a positive psychology of self-esteem (3rd Ed). New York: Springer.
Nasar SS. (1995). Obesitas Pada Anak, Aspek Klinis, dan Pencegahannya. Dalam: Samsudin, Nasar SS, Sjaif Dr, Penyunting Naskah Lengkap PKB-IKA XXXV. Masalah Gizi Ganda dan Tumbuh Kembang Anak. Jakarta: Bina Rupa Aksara
Noor, Hasanuddin. (2009). Psikometri: Aplikasi Dalam Penyusunan Instrumen Pengukuran Perilaku. Bandung: UNISBA
Ochsner, K. N., Knierim, K., Ludlow, D., Hanelin, J., Ramachandran, T., & Mackey, S. (2004). Reflecting upon feelings: An fMRI study of neural systems supporting the attribution of emotion to self and other. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16(10), 1746-1772.
Oster, Gerrald. & Crone, Patricia Gould. (20004). Using Drawing in Assessment and Therapy: A Guide for Mental Health. New York: BrunnerRoutledge
Papalia, E. Diane., Olds, W.S. Feldman D.R. (2001). Human Development (8th edition). New York : Mc Graw Hill, Inc.
Piaget, J. (1973). Memory and Intelligence. New York: Basic Books.
Pikunas. 1983. Human Development :An Emergent Science. Tokyo :Mc Graw Hill.
Prameswari, Sorga Perucha Iful , Siti Aisah, Mifbakhuddin. (2013). Hubungan Obesitas dengan Citra Diri dan Harga Diri Remaja Putri Di Semarang. Jurnal keperawatan komunitas
Poerwandari, E. Kristi. (1998). Metode Penelitian Sosial. Jakarta : Universitas Terbuka
Purwoko, Saktiyono Budi. (2012). Pengaruh Restrukturisasi Kognitif Melalui Al- Fatihah Terhadap Penurunan Derajat Stres Pada Penderita Demam Rematik Dengan Gejala Korea. Tesis: Universitas Islam Bandung
Reynolds, M. W., Nabors, L., & Quinlan, A. (2000). The effectiveness of art therapy: Does it work? Art Therapy
Raskin, J,D., Weihs, K.D., & Morano, L.A. (2005) Personal ConstructPsychotherapy Meets Constructivism: Convergence, Divergence, Possibility. London: Whurr.
Rosal, M. (2001). Cognitive-behavioral art therapy. In J. A. Rubin (Ed.), Approaches to art therapy (2nd ed., pp. 210–225). Ann Arbor, MI: Sheridan Books
Rozum, A. L., & Malchiodi, C. A. (2003). Cognitive-Behavioura Approaches. In C. A. Malchiodi, Handbook of Art therapy (pp. 73-81). New York: The Guilford Press.
Rubin, Judith Aaron. (2001). Approaches to Art Therapy. London: Taylor & Francis Ltd
Ryden, M. B. 1978. An adult version of the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory: Test-retest reliability and social desirability. Psychological Reports 43:1189–1190
Santrock, J. W. (2001). Adolescence: perkembangan remaja (Edisi Ke-6). Jakarta : Penerbit Erlangga
Sarafino, J.W. (2002). Health Psychology: Biopsychology Social Interactions (4th edition). New York: John Willey & Sons.
Sarandria. (2012). Efektivitas Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) untuk Meningkatkan Self Esteem pada Dewasa Muda. Tugas Akhir Magister Profesi Psikologi Klinis Dewasa. Depok: Universitas Indonesia.
Seifert,L.K., Hafftong, J.R. 2000. Child and Adolescent Development. Second Edition. Boston : Hougton Mifflin Co
Seligman, L. 2006. Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy. New Jersey: Pearson Merril Prentice Hall.
Siregar, Ade Rahmawati. (2006). Harga Diri Remaja Obesitas. Medan: USU Repository
Siswono (2007). Obesitas Ajang Reuni Berbagai Penyakit. Dari: http:www.gizi.net
Somers, Julian. (2007). Cognitive Behavioural Therapy: Core Information Document. Vancouver BC: CARMHA
Stallard, Paul. (2002). Think Good – Feel Good: A Cognitive Behavior Therapy Workbook for Children and Young People. West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd
Stallard, Paul. (2004). Growing Minds: An Introduction to Cognitive Development. London. John Willey
Struening, Elmer L et, al. (2001). The Concequences of Stigma for the Self Esteem of People With Mental Illnesses
Walpole, R. E. (1995). Pengantar Statistika. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Westbrook, D., Kennerley, H. & Kirk, J. (2007). An Introduction to Cognitive Behavioural Therapy: Skill & Applications. Great Britain: Sage Publication
W. H. Freeman & Company Dacey & Kenny. (2001). Adolescent Development (2nd ed). New York: Mc Graw Hill
Willson, R. & Branch, R. (2006). Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Dummies West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd
Winick, M. (1996). Editorial: Understanding and treating obesity. American Journal of Public Health, Retrieved May 16, 2008, from http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1380430&blobtype =pdf
Wurtman, R. J., & J.J. Wurtman. (1986). Carbohydrate Craving, Obesity, and Brain Serotonin. Appetite
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24198/jpsp.v1i3.14969
Refbacks
- Saat ini tidak ada refbacks.
##submission.copyrightStatement##
Jurnal ini terideks di:
