Potensi jamur rizosfer bawang merah dalam menekan Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cepae, penyebab penyakit busuk umbi bawang merah

Satriyo Restu Adhi; Tarkus Suganda

doi:10.24198/kultivasi.v19i1.22877

Potensi jamur rizosfer bawang merah dalam menekan Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cepae, penyebab penyakit busuk umbi bawang merah

Satriyo Restu Adhi, Tarkus Suganda

Abstract

Sari. Penyakit busuk umbi yang disebabkan oleh Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cepae (Foc) merupakan salah satu penyakit penting pada bawang merah. Pengendalian penyakit busuk umbi yang ramah lingkungan adalah dengan menggunakan pengendalian biologis. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan isolat jamur asal rizosfer tanaman bawang merah yang memiliki sifat antagonis terhadap Foc. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Fitopatologi Departemen Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Padjadjaran, pada bulan November 2017 hingga Januari 2018. Tahapan penelitian ini terdiri atas: (1) isolasi dari tanah rizosfer pertanaman bawang merah asal Desa Pelayangan Kabupaten Cirebon, (2) uji antagonisme secara in-vitro dengan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL), dan (3) uji kemampuan jamur rizosfer dalam memicu perkecambahan benih bawang merah. Dari hasil percobaan diperoleh 11 isolat jamur rizosfer yang terdiri atas genus Aspergillus, Penicillium, Paecilomyces, dan Trichoderma yang memiliki karakteristik mikroskopis yang berbeda satu sama lain. Hasil uji antagonisme menunjukkan bahwa 11 isolat jamur rizosfer yang diuji memiliki sifat antagonistik dan dapat menghambat jamur Foc secara in-vitro antara 65,58% hingga 84,71%. Isolat JRC1 (Aspergillus) dan JRC6 (Paecilomyces) memiliki sifat memicu perkecambahan benih bawang merah.

Kata kunci: Bawang merah ∙ Jamur antagonis rizosfer ∙ Busuk umbi ∙ Fusarium oxysporum f.sp cepae

Abstract. Basal rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cepae (Foc) is one of the important diseases in shallot. Biological control is one of the environmentally friendly control methods. The purpose of this research was to obtain isolates of rhizospheric fungi of shallot which were antagonistic against Foc. Research has been conducted at the Laboratory of Phytopathology Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, from November 2017 up to January 2018. The research consisted of: (1) isolation of fungi from shallot rhizosphere soil of shallot plantation located at Desa Pelayangan Cirebon, West Java, (2) in-vitro antagonistic test using a completely randomized design (CRD), and (3) test the ability of selected fungal isolates to triggering shallot seed germination. The experiment obtained 11 isolates of the antagonistic rhizospheric fungi consisted of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Paecilomyces, and Trichoderma which have different microscopic characteristics. The results showed that antagonistic rhizospheric fungi inhibit the growth of Foc. Their inhibitions rate ranged from 65.58% to 84.71%. The isolates of JRC1 (Aspergillus) and JRC6 (Paecilomyces) were able to trigger the germination of shallot seeds.

Keywords: Shallot ∙ Antagonistic rhizospheric fungi ∙ Basal rot ∙ Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cepae

Keywords

Bawang merah; Jamur antagonis rizosfer; Busuk umbi; Fusarium oxysporum f.sp cepae

Full Text:

PDF (Bahasa Indonesia)

References

Abri., T. Kuswinanti, E.L. Sengin, and R. Sjahrir. 2015. Production of indole acetic acid (IAA) hormone from fungal isolates collected from rhizosphere of aromatic rice in Tana Toraja. Int. J. Curr. Res. Biosci. Plant Biol., 2(6): 198–201.

Balittanah. 2007. Teknologi Pemupukan Spesifik Lokasi dan Konservasi Tanah Desa Pelayangan Kecamatan Gebang Kabupaten Cirebon. Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian. Bogor.

Barnett, H.L., and B.B. Hunter. 1987. Illustrated Genera of Imperfect Fungi. 4th ed. Mac-millan Publishing Company. New York.

Bashir, O., K. Khan, K.R. Hakeem, N.A. Mir, G.H. Rather, and R. Mohiuddin. 2016. Soil microbe diversity and root exudates as important aspects of rhizosphere ecosys-tem. In: Hakeem, K.R. and Akhtar, M.S., editors, Plant, Soil and Microbes: Vol 2: Mechanisms and Molecular Interactions. Springer Int'l Publishing, Switzerland.

BPPP. 2005. Prospek dan Arah Pengembangan Agribisnis Bawang Merah. Badan Peneliti-an dan Pengembangan Pertanian. Jakarta.

Budiarti, L., dan Nurhayati. 2014. Kelimpahan cendawan antagonis pada rhizosfer tanaman kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis (L.) Savi ex Hassk.) di lahan kering Indralaya Sumatera Selatan. Pros. Semin. Nas. Lahan Suboptimal 2014 (26-27 September).

Delahaut, K.D., and W. Stevenson. 2004. Onion Disorder: Fusarium Basal Rot. University Winconsin. Madison.

Hakim, A.R., Rajiman, dan R. Nalinda. 2017. Analisis nilai ekonomi usahatani bawang merah (Alium cepa L.) off season dan in seasin pada lahan pasir pantai (studi kasus di Desa Srigading Kecamatan Sanden Kabupaten Bantul DIY). SEPA J. Sos. Ekon. Pertan. dan Agribisnis 14(1): 53–60. doi: 10.20961/sepa.v14i1.21046.

Handelsman, J., and E.V. Stabb. 1996. Biocontrol of soilborne plant pathogens. Plant Cell 8(10): 1855–1869. doi: 10.2307/3870235.

Hussain, I., S.S. Alam, I. Khan, B. Shah, A. Naeem, et al. 2016. Medicinal plants rhizosphere exploration for the presence of potential biocontrol fungi. J. Entomol. Zool. Stud., 4(3): 108–113.

Jayalaksmi, S.K., S. Raju, R.S. Rani, V.I. Benagi, and K. Sreeramulu. 2009. Trichoderma harzianum L1 as a potential source for lytic enzymes and elicitor of defense responses in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) against wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri. Aust. J. Crop Sci., 3(1): 44–52.

Keswani, C., S. Mishra, B.K. Sarma, S.P. Singh, and H.B. Singh. 2014. Unraveling the efficient applications of secondary metabolites of various Trichoderma spp. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 98(2): 533–544. doi: 10.1007/s00253-013-5344-5.

Khan, A.L., M. Hamayun, S.M. Kang, Y.H. Kim, H.Y. Jung, et al. 2012. Endophytic fungal association via gibberellins and indole acetic acid can improve plant growth under abiotic stress: An example of Paecilomyces formosus LHL10. BMC Microbiol., 12(3): 1–14. doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-3.

Kumar, R.P.K., S.P. Niharika, and G. Hemanth. 2017. Impact of fungicides on the growth and distribution of soil mycoflora in agriculture fields at Narasannapeta. Int. J. Sci. Res., 6(1): 2337–2347. doi: 10.21275/art20164650.

Kurniati, A., and M. Ali. 2018. Isolasi dan uji antagonis jamur asal rizosfer tanaman bawang merah (Allium ascalonicum L.) terhadap Alternaria porri Ellis Cif. JOM Faperta UR 5(1): 1–9.

Moreno, A.B., A. Martinez, and B.S. Segundo. 2006. Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins: Antifungal mechanism of the Aspergillus giganteus AFP against the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 72(5): 883–895. doi: 10.1007/s00253-006-0362-1.

Mousa, W.K., A.L. Schwan, and M.N. Raizada. 2016. Characterization of antifungal natural products isolated from endophytic fungi of finger millet (Eleusine coracana). Molecules, 21(9): 1–14. doi: 10.3390/molecules21091171.

Naqvi, S.A.M.H. 2004. Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables. Kluwer Academic Publishers. New York.

Nihorimbere, V., M. Ongena, M. Smargiassi, and P. Thonart. 2011. Beneficial effect of the rhizosphere microbial community for plant growth and health. Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ., 15(2): 327–337.

Nurhayati. 2011. Penggunaan jamur dan bakteri dalam pengendalian penyakit tanaman secara hayati yang ramah lingkungan. Prosiding Semirata Bidang Ilmu-ilmu Pertanian BKS-PTN Wilayah Barat Tahun 2011. Universitas Sriwijaya. Palembang.

Prajapati, B.K., and R.K. Patil. 2014. Black mould rot: an important post harvest disease of onion and its management. Popular Kheti, 1(1): 162–163.

Purwantisari, S., and R.B. Hastuti. 2009. Isolasi dan identifikasi jamur indigenous rhizosfer tanaman kentang dari lahan abstrak. Bioma, 11(Desember): 45–53. doi: 10.14710/bioma.11.2.45-53.

Putri, W.K., S. Khotimah, and R. Linda. 2015. Jamur rizosfer sebagai agen antagonis pengendali penyakit lapuk Fusarium pada batang tanaman karet (Hevea brasiliensis MuellArg). Protobiont, 4(3): 14–18.

Rahayu, Mujiyo, and R.U. Arini. 2018. Land suitability evaluation of shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) at production centres in Losari District, Brebes. J. Degrad. Min. L. Manag.5(53):2502–2458. doi: 10.15243/jdmlm.

Rehman, S.U., R. Lawrence, E.J. Kumar, and Z.A. Badri. 2012. Comparative efficacy of Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum and carbendazim against damping-off disease of cauliflower caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuehn. JBiopest, 5(1): 23–27.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24198/kultivasi.v19i1.22877