Bioremediation of Pb and Cd contaminated soil by mycorrhiza and biochar treatment and its effect on growth and yield of shallot

Okti Herliana; Wilis Cahyani; Yugi Rahayu Ahadiyat

doi:10.24198/kultivasi.v23i3.57709

Bioremediation of Pb and Cd contaminated soil by mycorrhiza and biochar treatment and its effect on growth and yield of shallot

Okti Herliana, Wilis Cahyani, Yugi Rahayu Ahadiyat

Abstract

The contamination of shallots in the food chain by heavy metals such as lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) is caused by chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The study aimed to determine the growth and yields of shallot cultivated on soil contaminated with Pb and Cd using mycorrhiza and biochar. The study was conducted in the screen house at Jenderal Soedirman University, Faculty of Agriculture, from April to September 2020, and it was carried out using a factorial Randomized Completely Block Design that involved three replications and two factors. The first factor of mycorrhiza dosage comprised 0, 1, and 2 g/pot, and the second factor of biochar dosage comprised 0, 2.5, 5, and 10 t/ha. The plant height, leaf area, growth rate, number of leaves, total root length, net assimilation rate, leaf chlorophyll, the percentage of root infection, P uptake by plant tissue, tuber weight, harvest index, the effectiveness of absorption and removal of heavy metals were the variables recorded. The results showed that applying biochar at 2.5, 5, and 10 t/ha and mycorrhiza at 1 and 2 g/pot could increase plant height and the percentage of root infection. The application of mycorrhiza at 1 and 2 g/pot increased P uptake by plant tissue.

Keywords

biochar; bioremediation; heavy metal; mycorrhiza; shallot

Full Text:

PDF

References

Abdelrahman M, Mahmoud HYAH, El-Sayed M, Tanaka S, Tran LSP. 2017. Isolation and characterization of cepa2, a natural alliospiroside A, from shallot (Allium cepa L. Aggregatum Group) with anticancer activity. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 116: 167–173.

Adetya V, Nurhatika S, Muhibuddin A. 2019. Pengaruh pupuk mikoriza terhadap pertumbuhan cabai rawit (Capsicum frutescens) di tanah pasir. Jurnal Sains dan Seni ITS, 7(2): 75-79.

Ali Z, Nawaz I, Yousaf S, Naqvi STA, Mahmood T, Khan N, Iqbal M. 2019. Wheat straw biochar promotes the growth and reduces the uptake of lead, cadmium and copper in Allium cepa. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 21(6): 1173–1180.

Almaroai YA, Eissa MA. 2020. Effect of biochar on yield and quality of tomato grown on a metal-contaminated soil. Scientia Horticulturae, 265: 109210.

Bano SA, Ashfaq D. 2013. Role of mycorrhiza to reduce heavy metal stress. Natural Science, 5(12): 16–20.

Bansal OP. 2018. The influence of potentially toxic elements on soil biological and chemical properties. IntechOpen, 11: 1–14.

Bolduc AR, Hijri M. 2010. The use of mycorrhizae to enhance phosphorus uptake: A way out the phosphorus crisis. Journal of Biofertilizers & Biopesticides, 2(1): 1–5.

Borisova G, Chukina N, Maleva M, Kumar A, Prasad MNV. 2016. Thiols as biomarkers of heavy metal tolerance in The aquatic macrophytes of Middle Urals, Russia. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 18(10): 1037–1045.

Chen M, Arato M, Borghi L, Nouri E, Reinhardt D. 2018. Beneficial services of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi–from ecology to application. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9: 1–14.

Citterio S, Prato N, Fumagalli P, Aina R, Massa N, Santagostino A, Sgorbati S, Berta G. 2005. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae induces growth and metal accumulation changes in Cannabis sativa L. Chemosphere, 59(1): 21–29.

Cui L, Li L, Bian R, Yan J, Quan G, Liu Y, Ippolito JA, Wang H. 2020. Short-and long-term biochar cadmium and lead immobilization mechanisms. Environments, 7(7): 1–15.

Dharmadewi, AIM. 2020. Analisis kandungan klorofil pada beberapa jenis sayuran hijau sebagai alternatif bahan dasar food suplement. Emasains: Jurnal Edukasi Matematika dan Sains, 9(2), 171-176.

Dewi T, Martono E, Hanudin E, Harini R. 2022. Impact of agrochemicals application on lead and cadmium concentrations in shallot fields and their remediation with biochar, compost, and botanical pesticides. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1109: 1–9.

Eviati, & Sulaeman. 2009. Analisis Kimia Tanah, Tanaman, Air, dan Pupuk. Balai Penelitian Tanah, Bogor

Esringü A, Turan M, Cangönül A. 2021. Remediation of Pb and Cd Polluted Soils with Fulvic Acid. Forests, 12(11): 1–13.

García-Díaz A, Bienes R, Sastre B, Novara A, Gristina L, Cerdà A. 2017. Nitrogen losses in vineyards under different types of soil groundcover. A field runoff simulator approach in Central Spain. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 236: 256–267.

Herath BMMD, Madushan KWA, Lakmali JPD, Yapa PN. 2021. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as a potential tool for bioremediation of heavy metals in contaminated soil. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 10(3): 217–228.

Herliana O, Rahayu AY, Cahyani W. 2021. Utilization of biochar and Trichoderma harzianum to promote growth of shallot and remediate lead-contaminated soil. Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management, 8(3): 2743–2750.

Hossain MZ, Bahar MM, Sarkar B, Donne SW, Ok YS, Palansooriya KN, Kirkham MB, Chowdhury S, Bolan N. 2020. Biochar and its importance on nutrient dynamics in soil and plant. Biochar, 2(4): 379–420.

Hussain M, Farooq M, Nawaz A, Al-Sadi AM, Solaiman ZM, Alghamdi SS, Ammara U, Ok YS, Siddique KHM. 2017. Biochar for crop production: Potential benefits and risks. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 17(3): 685–716.

Jeffries P, Gianinazzi S, Perotto S, Turnau K, Barea JM. 2003. The contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in sustainable maintenance of plant health and soil fertility. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 37(1): 1–16.

Lioussanne L, Jolicoeur M, St-Arnaud M. 2009. Role of the modification in root exudation induced by arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization on the intraradical growth of Phytophthora nicotianae in tomato. Mycorrhiza, 19(6): 443–448.

Liu D, Ding Z, Ali EF, Kheir AMS, Eissa MA, Ibrahim OHM. 2021. Biochar and compost enhance soil quality and growth of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) under saline conditions. Scientific Reports, 11(1): 1–11.

Nadir M, Syamsia S, Laban S. 2018. Pemanfaatan cendawan mikoriza arbuskular untuk mereduksi kadar Pb dan Cd pada lahan sawah serta pengaruhnya terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman selada. Jurnal Ecosolum, 7(2): 61–66.

Nurida NL. 2014. Potensi pemanfaatan biochar untuk rehabilitasi lahan kering di Indonesia. Jurnal Sumberdaya Lahan Edisi Khusus, 8(3): 57–68.

Plenchette C, Clermont-Dauphin C, Meynard JM, Fortin JA. 2005. Managing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in cropping systems. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 85(1): 31–40.

Puga AP, Abreu CA, Melo LCA, Beesley L. 2015. Biochar application to a contaminated soil reduces the availability and plant uptake of zinc, lead and cadmium. Journal of Environmental Management, 159: 86–93.

Ratnasari IFD, Hadi SN, Suparto SR, Herliana O, Rahayu AY. 2020. Phytoremediation of cadmium-contaminated soil using terrestrial kale (Ipomoea reptans Poir) and corncob biochar. Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management, 7(4): 2502–2458.

Rodriguez A, Lemos D, Trujillo YT, Amaya JG, Ramos LD. 2019. Effectiveness of biochar obtained from corncob for immobilization of lead in contaminated soil. Journal of Health and Pollution, 9(23): 13–21.

Rolka E, Wyszkowski M. 2021. Availability of trace elements in soil with simlated cadmium lead and zinc pollution. Minerals, 11: 1–15.

Saptana, Gunawan E, Perwita AD, Sukmaya SG, Darwis V, Ariningsih E, Ashari. 2021. The competitiveness analysis of shallot in Indonesia: A policy analysis matrix. PLoS ONE, 16(9): 1–19.

Satriawan BD, Handayanto E. 2015. Effects of biochar and crop residues application on chemical properties of a degraded soil of South Malang, and P uptake by maize. Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management, 2(2): 271–280.

Shon TK, Haryanto TAD, Yoshida T. 1997. Dry matter production and utilization of solar energy in one year old Bupleurum falcatum. Journal Faculty of Agriculture Kyushu University, 41, 133-140.

Smith SE, Jakobsen I, Grønlund M, Smith FA. 2011. Roles of arbuscular mycorrhizas in plant phosphorus nutrition: Interactions between pathways of phosphorus uptake in arbuscular mycorrhizal roots have important implications for understanding and manipulating plant phosphorus acquisition. Plant Physiology, 156(3): 1050–1057.

Smith SE, Smith FA, Jakobsen I. 2003. Mycorrhizal fungi can dominate phosphate supply to plants irrespective of growth responses. Plant Physiology, 133(1): 16–20.

Sohi SP, Krull E, Lopez-Capel E, Bol R. 2010. A review of biochar and its use and function in soil. Advances in Agronomy, 105(1): 47–82.

Song D, Jiwei T, Xi X, Shuiqing Z. 2018. Responses of soil nutrients and microbial activities to additions of maize straw biochar and chemical fertilization in a calcareous soil. European Journal of Soil Biology, 84: 1–10.

Susanti A, Hidayat R, Prasetjono H. 2018. Implementasi mikoriza sebagai sarana pengetahuan konservasi mandiri lahan marginal di Kecamatan Kabuh Kabupaten Jombang. Jurnal Agroradix, 1(2): 9–17.

Tan X, Liu Y, Zeng G, Wang X, Hu X, Gu Y, Yang Z. 2015. Application of biochar for the removal of pollutants from aqueous solutions. Chemosphere, 125: 70–85.

Yang S, Imran Ortas I. 2023. Impact of mycorrhiza on plant nutrition and food security. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 46(13): 3247–3272.

Yao Y, Gao B, Inyang M, Zimmerman AR, Cao X, Pullammanappallil P, Yang L. 2011. Biochar derived from anaerobically digested sugar beet tailings: Characterization and phosphate removal potential. Bioresource Technology, 102(10): 6273–6278.

Yusuf M, Nurtjahja K, Lubis R. 2016. Analysis of Metallic Content of Pb, Cu, Cd And Zn On Vegetables Sawi Kangkung and Spinach In The Area Agriculture and Paya Rumput Village Industry Titipapan Medan. BioLink, 3(1): 56–64.

Zarcinas BA, Ishak CF, Mclaughlin MJ, Cozens G. 2004. Heavy metals in soils and crops in Southeast Asia: 1. Peninsular Malaysia. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 26(4): 343–357.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24198/kultivasi.v23i3.57709