Estimating leaf area in velvetleaf (Limnocharis flava) and kangkong (Ipomea aquatica): a precise and non-destructive approach for wetland vegetables

Anggrika Riyanti; Benyamin Lakitan; Momon Sodik Imanudin; Muhammad Yazid

doi:10.24198/kultivasi.v25i1.69353

Estimating leaf area in velvetleaf (Limnocharis flava) and kangkong (Ipomea aquatica): a precise and non-destructive approach for wetland vegetables

Anggrika Riyanti, Benyamin Lakitan, Momon Sodik Imanudin, Muhammad Yazid

Abstract

Developing a leaf-area estimation model for vegetable cultivars in wetlands is essential to optimizing agricultural cultivation practices. This study aims to develop a non-destructive model for leaf area estimation in wetland vegetable cultivars (velvetleaf (Limnocharis flava) and kangkong (Ipomoea aquatica)) using regression-based models. The plants were cultivated in a wetland system. Measurements of leaf length and width were taken on all leaves of each plant, using the product of length and width (L×W) as predictor. The regression models for estimating leaf area were adjusted from linear, zero-intercept linear, quadratic, and power. The optimal model was evaluated using the determination coefficient (R²) and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The results showed that the most reliable regression model for estimating velvetleaf leaf area was linear regression with the equation y = 0.881LW - 7.615 (R² = 0.954; RSME = 7.916), and the power model for kangkong leaf area, with the equation y = 0.9407LW^0.9309(R² = 0.970; RSME = 1.695). Differences in leaf shape among plant species result in different accuracies of leaf area estimation models. Thus, the model should be useful to guide future research and practical applications in monitoring leaf growth and determining harvest time.

Keywords

leaf area estimation; leaf shape; regression models; vegetable crops; wetlands

Full Text:

PDF

References

Aristin NF, Taryana D, Ruja IN. 2024. Wetland Studi Kasus Dinamika Wilayah Banjarmasin. Media Nusa Creative (MNC Publishing).

Bappenas. 2023. Laporan Kajian Lingkungan Hidup Strategis RPJPN 2025-2045. Ministry of National Development Planning.

Dias MG, Mela D, Silva TI da, Ribeiro JE da S, Grossi JAS, Zuin AHL, Martinez ACP, Barbosa JG. 2022. Leaf area estimation of Congea tomentosa using a non-destructive method. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, 26(10), 729–734. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v26n10p729-734

Easlon HM, Bloom AJ. 2014. Easy Leaf Area: Automated digital image analysis for rapid and accurate measurement of leaf area. Applications in Plant Sciences, 2(7), 1400033. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3732/apps.1400033

Irwan AW, Wicaksono FY. 2017. Comparations of soybean’s leaf area measurement using gravimetry, regression, and scanning. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.24198/kultivasi.v16i3.14448

Kumar B, Mahto RK, Doss SG, Aparna K, Yadav H. 2022. Estimation of single leaf area in Major Tasar Host Plant Species (Arjun, Asan and Jarul) through non-destructive method. Plant Archives, 22((Spl. Issue (VSOG))), 260–264. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.51470/plantarchives.2022.v22.specialissue.047

Lakitan B, Alberto A, Lindiana L, Kartika K, Herlinda S, Kurnianingsih A. 2018. The benefits of biochar on rice growth and yield in tropical riparian wetland, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Chiang Mai University Journal of Natural Sciences, 17(2), 111–126. https://doi.org/10.12982/CMUJNS.2018.0009

Lakitan B, Ilman Widuri L, Meihana M. 2017. Simplifying procedure for a non-destructive, inexpensive, yet accurate trifoliate leaf area estimation in snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). In Journal of Applied Horticulture (www.horticultureresearch.net) Journal of Applied Horticulture (Vol. 19, Issue 1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2017.v19i01.03

Lakitan B, Susilawati S, Wijaya A, Ria RP, Muda SA. 2023. Leaf blade growth and development in Red, Pink, and Yellow petiole cultivars of the Swiss Chards grown in floating culture system. Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences, 16(1)(1), 157–164. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.54319/jjbs/160119

Liu Z, Zhu Y, Li F, Jin G. 2017. Non-destructively predicting leaf area, leaf mass and specific leaf area based on a linear mixed-effect model for broadleaf species. Ecological Indicators, 78, 340–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.03.025

Li Y, Zou D, Shrestha N, Xu X, Wang Q, Jia W, Wang Z. 2020. Spatiotemporal variation in leaf size and shape in response to climate. Journal of Plant Ecology, 13(1), 87–96. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtz053

Madhavi BGK, Bhujel A, Kim NE, Kim HT. 2022. Measurement of overlapping leaf area of ice plants using digital image processing technique. Agriculture (Switzerland), 12(9)(9), 1321. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12091321

Ministry of Agriculture. 2024. Statistics of Food Consumption.

Muda S, Lakitan B, Ramadhani F. 2024. Butterhead lettuce growth under shallow water tables and its recovery on tropical urban ecosystem. https://doi.org/10.36253/ahsc¬16233

Oliveira VDS, Gonçalves LC, Costa A, Dos Santos KTH, Santos JSH, Santos GP, Chisté H, Schmildt O, Czepak MP, da Vitória EL. 2019. Mathematical modeling to estimation leaf area of Pimenta dioica from linear dimensions. International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, 28(2), 1–8. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2019/v28i230104

Pacheco AB, Nascimento JG, Moura LB, Lopes TR, Duarte SN, Coelho RD, Marques PAA. 2020. Non-destructive and destructive methods to determine the leaf area of Zucchini. J. Agric. Stud, 8(3), 295. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5296/jas.v8i3.16299

Pandey AK, Singh AG, Gadhiya AR, Kumar S, Singh D, Mehta R. 2021. Current approaches in horticultural crops to mitigate waterlogging stress. Stress Tolerance in Horticultural Crops, 289–299. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-822849-4.00014-0

Pérez-Harguindeguy N, Díaz S, Garnier E, Lavorel S, Poorter H, Jaureguiberry P, Bret-Harte MS, Cornwell WK, Craine JM, Gurvich DE, Urcelay C, Veneklaas EJ, Reich PB, Poorter L, Wright IJ, Ray P, Enrico L, Pausas JG, De Vos AC, Cornelissen JHC. 2013. New handbook for standardised measurement of plant functional traits worldwide. Australian Journal of Botany, 61(3), 167–234. https://doi.org/10.1071/BT12225

Rahimikhoob H, Delshad M, Habibi R. 2023. Leaf area estimation in Lettuce: comparison of Artificial Intelligence-based methods with image analysis technique. Measurement, 222, 113636. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2023.113636

Ramagita MA, Juan J, Putra Y, Kasmiyati S, Kristiani BE. 2025. Dualisme Pemanfaatan Gulma Genjer ( Limnocharis flava ): Peluang Sebagai Agen Fitoremediasi dan Pangan Nutraseutika Dual Utilization of Genjer ’ s Weed ( Limnocharis flava ): Opportunities as a Phytoremediation Agent and Nutraceutical Food Source Pendahul. 10(2), 191–203. https://doi.org/10.24002/biota.v10i2.10270

Ribeiro JE da S, Côelho E dos S, Lopes W de AR, Silva EF da, Oliveira AKS de, Oliveira PH de A, Silva AGC da, Jardim AM da RF, Silva DV, Barros AP. 2024. Allometric equations to predict the leaf area of castor bean cultivars. Ciência Rural, 55(1), e20230550. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20230550

Ribeiro JE da S, dos Santos Coêlho E, Figueiredo FRA, Pereira WE, de Albuquerque MB. 2019. Leaf area estimation for Psychotria carthagenensis and Psychotria hoffmannseggiana as a function of linear leaf dimensions. Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences, 41, 43494. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v41i1.43494

Ribeiro JE da S, Romário Andrade Figueiredo F, Silva Nóbrega J, dos Santos Coêlho E, Ferreira Melo M. 2022. LEAF AREA OF Erythrina velutina Willd. (FABACEAE) BY USING ALLOMETRIC EQUATIONS. https://doi.org/10.5380/rf.v52

Ruiz-López MD, García-Villanova B. 2023. Fruits and Vegetables. In B. Caballero (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Human Nutrition (Fourth Edition) (pp. 397–411). Academic Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821848-8.00124-4

Sabr H. 2020. Prediction of leaf area by a non-destructive method of Platanus orientalis tree. Journal of University of Duhok, 23(2), 211–217. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.26682/ajuod.2020.23.2.24

Statistics Indonesia. 2025. Statistik Hortikultura. Badan Pusat Statistik.

Sulaiman AA, Sulaeman Y, Minasny B. 2019. A framework for the development of wetland for agricultural use in Indonesia. Resources, 8(1)(1), 34. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/resources8010034

Vercruysse J, Baekelandt A, Gonzalez N, Inzé D. 2020. Molecular networks regulating cell division during Arabidopsis leaf growth. Journal of Experimental Botany, 71(8), 2365–2378. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz522

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24198/kultivasi.v25i1.69353