Menyingkap Paradoks Keamanan Energi Kosta Rika
Abstrak
Artikel ini membahas paradoks dalam kebijakan energi Kosta Rika yang menunjukkan keberhasilan elektrifikasi berbasis energi terbarukan di satu sisi, namun ketergantungan tinggi terhadap impor bahan bakar fosil di sektor transportasi di sisi lain. Paradoks tersebut diangkat untuk menunjukkan bagaimana transisi energi yang tampak progresif dapat menyembunyikan ketimpangan struktural yang dalam. Dengan memadukan konsep teori umpan balik kebijakan dari Pierson ( 1993) dan kerangka keamanan energi dari Sovacool & Mukherjee (2011), artikel ini menganalisis mengapa keberhasilan elektrifikasi justru menciptakan ketergantungan jalur yang menghambat reformasi lintas sektor. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa distribusi sumber daya yang bias dan narasi kebijakan yang terlalu sektoral menghasilkan sistem energi yang terfragmentasi dan tidak tahan krisis. Ketergantungan penuh pada BBM impor memperbesar kerentanan geopolitik dan memperlemah daya tahan energi nasional. Artikel ini merekomendasikan perlunya reorientasi strategi energi melalui elektrifikasi transportasi, diversifikasi bauran energi, dan reformasi alokasi fiskal agar transisi energi tak berhenti sebagai simbol, tapi menjadi transformasi struktural.
This article examines Costa Rica’s energy policy paradox, wherein the country demonstrates substantial success in renewable electricity generation while remaining highly dependent on fossil fuel imports in the transport sector. This article discusses this paradox to reveal how seemingly successful energy transitions can mask deep structural imbalances. Drawing on the frameworks of policy feedback theory from Pierson (1993) and energy security from Sovacool & Mukherje ( 2011), the article examines how early success in electrification locked the system into path-dependent trajectories that resist cross-sectoral reform. The findings show that resource distribution and dominant policy narratives have reinforced a fragmented energy regime vulnerable to external shocks. Costa Rica’s full reliance on imported oil amplifies geopolitical exposure and undermines long-term energy resilience. The article calls for a strategic realignment of energy policy, one that prioritizes transport electrification, energy mix diversification, and restructured fiscal incentives, so that energy transition becomes not just a green achievement, but a systemic transformation.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.24198/padjir.v7i2.64934
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