Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) Leaf Ethanol Extract Showed In Vivo Analgesic Activity

Rahmad A. Prasetya, Tri P.L Sudarwati

Abstract


Analgesic drugs like morphine and other opioids exhibit several harmful effects. Thus, the exploration of a new and safer analgesic drug is necessary. Utilizing Indonesia's biodiversity richness, medicinal plants can serve as an alternative source of novel analgesic drugs. Here, we show the analgesic activity of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) leaf ethanol extract (KE) in formaldehyde-induced rat (Rattus norvegicus) models. The effect of KE was examined by observing the duration of spontaneous nociceptive behavior such as paw licking or limp leg. The result showed that rats treated with 70 mg/kg KE demonstrated significantly (p<0.01) decreased nociceptive behavior compared to those receiving vehicles. However, a higher KE dose (210 mg/kg) failed to increase the analgesic effect and showed a slight reduction (not significant) compared to the control group. These findings proved that kratom leaf ethanol extract has the potential to alleviate painful conditions.

Keywords


Mitragyna speciosa; Kratom leaves; Ethanol extract; Opioid analgesic

Full Text:

PDF

References


IASP. Terminology | International Association for the Study of Pain. Available at: https://www.iasp-pain.org/resources/terminology/#pain. Accessed July 18, 2022.

Soleha M, Isnawati A, Fitri N, et al. Profil Penggunaan Obat Antiinflamasi Nonstreoid di Indonesia. Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia. 2018:109–117. Doi: 10.22435/JKI.V8I2.316.

Anekar AA, Cascella M. WHO Analgesic Ladder. StatPearls Publishing, 2022.

Shamima AR, Fakurazi S, Hidayat MT, et al. Antinociceptive Action of Isolated Mitragynine from Mitragyna Speciosa through Activation of Opioid Receptor System. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2012; 13(9):11427–11442. Doi: 10.3390/ijms130911427.

Yuniarti R, Nadia S, Alamanda A, et al. Characterization, Phytochemical Screenings and Antioxidant Activity Test of Kratom Leaf Ethanol Extract (Mitragyna speciosa Korth) Using DPPH Method. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2020; 1462(1):012026. Doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1462/1/012026.

Farah Idayu N, Taufik Hidayat M, Moklas MAM, et al. Antidepressant-like effect of mitragynine isolated from Mitragyna speciosa Korth in mice model of depression. Phytomedicine. 2011; 18(5):402–407. Doi: 10.1016/J.PHYMED.2010.08.011.

Ramanathan S, Parthasarathy S, Murugaiyah V, et al. Understanding the Physicochemical Properties of Mitragynine, a Principal Alkaloid of Mitragyna speciosa, for Preclinical Evaluation. Molecules. 2015; 20(3):4915. Doi: 10.3390/MOLECULES20034915.

Shaik Mossadeq WM, Sulaiman MR, Tengku Mohamad TA, et al. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of Mitragyna speciosa Korth methanolic extract. Medical Principles and Practice. 2009; 18(5):378–384. Doi: 10.1159/000226292.

Todd DA, Kellogg JJ, Wallace ED, et al. Chemical composition and biological effects of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): In vitro studies with implications for efficacy and drug interactions. Science Report. 2020; 10(1):1–13. Doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-76119-w.

Anand A, Hosanagar A. The Addictive Potential and Challenges with Use of the “Herbal Supplement” Kratom: A Case Report and Literature Review. Pain Medicine. 2022; 23(1):4–9. Doi: 10.1093/PM/PNAB126.

Yusoff NHM, Suhaimi FW, Vadivelu RK, et al. Abuse potential and adverse cognitive effects of mitragynine (kratom). Addict Biology. 2016; 21(1):98–110. Doi: 10.1111/ADB.12185.

Tewari D, Gupta P, Bawari S, et al. Himalayan ficus palmata l. Fruit extract showed in vivo central and peripheral analgesic activity involving cox-2 and mu opioid receptors. Plants. 2021; 10(8):1685. Doi: 10.3390/PLANTS10081685/S1.

Ramanathan S, McCurdy CR. Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): worldwide issues. Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 2020; 33(4):312–318. Doi: 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000621.

Luliana S, Robiyanto R, Islamy MR, et al. Aktivitas Antinosiseptif Fraksi Diklorometana Daun Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) Rute Oral Pada Mencit Jantan Swiss. Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2018; 5(2):58–64. Doi: 10.7454/psr.v5i2.3895.

Nugraha WI, Robiyanto R, Luliana S. Antinociceptive Activity of Aqueous Fraction of Kratom Leaves Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) on Male Swiss Albino Mice. Majalah Obat Tradisional. 2018; 23(2):91. Doi: 10.22146/mot.32085.

Tewari D, Gupta P, Bawari S, et al. Himalayan ficus palmata l. Fruit extract showed in vivo central and peripheral analgesic activity involving cox-2 and mu opioid receptors. Plants. 2021; 10(8):1685. Doi: 10.3390/plants10081685.

Goh YS, Karunakaran T, Murugaiyah V, et al. Accelerated solvent extractions (Ase) of mitragyna speciosa korth. (kratom) leaves: Evaluation of its cytotoxicity and antinociceptive activity. Molecules 2021; 26(12):3704. Doi: 10.3390/molecules26123704.

Kruegel AC, Uprety R, Grinnell SG, et al. 7-Hydroxymitragynine Is an Active Metabolite of Mitragynine and a Key Mediator of Its Analgesic Effects. ACS Central Science. 2019; 5(6):992–1001. Doi: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b00141.

Ya K, Tangamornsuksan W, Scholfield CN, et al. Pharmacokinetics of mitragynine, a major analgesic alkaloid in kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): A systematic review. Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 2019; 43:73–82. Doi: 10.1016/J.AJP.2019.05.016.

Hemby SE, McIntosh S, Leon F, et al. Abuse liability and therapeutic potential of the Mitragyna speciosa (kratom) alkaloids mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine. Addiction Biology. 2019; 24(5):874–885. Doi: 10.1111/ADB.12639.

Hanapi NA, Chear NJY, Azizi J, et al. Kratom Alkaloids: Interactions With Enzymes, Receptors, and Cellular Barriers. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2021; 12:3192. Doi: 10.3389/FPHAR.2021.751656/BIBTEX.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.15416/pcpr.v8i2.40727

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


                                                                         
Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
 
                                                                      VIEW VISITOR STATS