Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research
Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research (PCPR) is an international, peer-reviewed, scientific journal that focus on pharmacology and clinical pharmacy. PCPR is published three times a year (April, August, and December) to provide a forum for pharmacologists, clinical pharmacists, and other researchers to share the current update on pharmacology and best practice in clinical pharmacy. PHARMACOLOGY AND CLINICAL PHARMACY RESEARCH has been accredited SINTA 2 by The Ministry of Research and Technology of Indonesia (No. 204/E/KPT/2022). PCPR is already indexed in <a title="doaj" href="https://doaj.org/toc/2614-0020?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22bool%22%3A%7B%22must%22%3A%5B%7B%22terms%22%3A%7B%22index.issn.exact%22%3A%5B%222527-7332%22%2C%222614-0020%22%5D%7D%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%22size%22%3A100%2C%22sort%22%3A%5B%7B%22created_date%22%3A%7B%22order%22%3A%22desc%22%7D%7D%5D%2C%22_source%22%3A%7B%7D%2C%22track_total_hits%22%3Atrue%7D" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://doaj.org/toc/2614-0020?source%3D%257B%2522query%2522%253A%257B%2522filtered%2522%253A%257B%2522filter%2522%253A%257B%2522bool%2522%253A%257B%2522must%2522%253A%255B%257B%2522terms%2522%253A%257B%2522index.issn.exact%2522%253A%255B%25222527-7332%2522%252C%25222614-0020%2522%255D%257D%257D%252C%257B%2522term%2522%253A%257B%2522_type%2522%253A%2522article%2522%257D%257D%255D%257D%257D%252C%2522query%2522%253A%257B%2522match_all%2522%253A%257B%257D%257D%257D%257D%252C%2522size%2522%253A100%252C%2522_source%2522%253A%257B%257D%257D&source=gmail&ust=1649607743886000&usg=AOvVaw1pHqgWMpfRCocIjeFU14ol">DOAJ, Cross-Ref, Google Scholar, Index Copernicus, and Garuda-Ristekdikti. All articles published by PCPR are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. PCPR welcomes submission of original research articles, review articles, and case reports. All submitted manuscripts will go through the double-blind peer review before being granted with acceptance for publication. It is published by Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia. Scope of the journal includes: Experimental Pharmacology Clinical Pharmacology Molecular Pharmacology Toxicology Pharmacokinetics Pharmaceutical care Pharmacotherapy and evidence-based practice Pharmacoepidemiology and pharmacovigilance Pharmacoeconomy Other aspects of pharmacology and clinical pharmacy ISSN (print): 2527-7332 e-ISSN (electronic): 2614-0020 Link ISSN (print) PDII LIPI (2527-7332) Link e-ISSN (electronic) PDII LIPI (2614-0020). ANNOUNCEMENT Website Migration and Submission Process of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research (PCPR) Starting in January 2026, Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research (PCPR) will transition to a new website for article submission and publication. The website for article publication will be available on the PCPR Journal Live Site (https://journal.unpad.ac.id/pcpr/), while article submissions will be processed through the Editorial Manager Site (https://www.editorialmanager.com/pcpr/default.aspx). All authors who wish to submit articles are asked to do so via the new PCPR website, effective January 2026. For authors who have submitted articles up to December 2025, the articles will still be processed on the old website and published on the new live site. Thank you for your attention. Best Regards, PCPR Editorial Team
Phytochemical and Nutritional Composition of Vernonia Amygdalina: Antioxidant, Antidiabetic Efficacy, and Hematological Benefits
Vernonia amygdalina, a traditionally used medicinal plant, has been purported to possess health-promoting properties.The aim of this study is to investigate the phytochemical and nutritional composition of V. amygdalina, evaluate its antioxidant and antidiabetic efficacy, and assess its hematological benefits. Phytochemical screening, proximate analysis, antioxidant assays (DPPH, ABTS), antidiabetic evaluations in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, and hematological assessments were conducted according to standard protocol. V. amygdalina exhibited a rich phytochemical profile, comprising flavonoids, phenolic acids, and terpenoids, alongside significant antioxidant activity (IC50 = 12.5 μg/mL) and complete source of protein. Proximate analysis revealed high protein (21.1%) and fiber (15.6%) content. Antidiabetic evaluations demonstrated significant reductions in blood glucose levels (p < 0.01). Hematological assessments showed significant improvements in hemoglobin (14.1 ± 0.6 g/dL), packed cell volume (42.9 ± 1.8%), red blood cell count (7.1 ± 0.3 x 10^12/L), and differential WBC count, including reduced monocyte (6.3 ± 0.9%) and eosinophil (2.6 ± 0.6%) percentages, and increased lymphocyte (34.4 ± 2.4%) percentage. This study provides comprehensive evidence for the phytochemical, nutritional, and pharmacological value of V. amygdalina, underscoring its potential as a functional food and phytomedicine for oxidative stress and diabetes management, as well as a natural adjunct for improving hematological parameters.
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Antioxidant Properties Of N-Hexane Extract From Tobacco Leaves (Nicotiana tabacum L.) Using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazil (DPPH) Method
Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is a commercial plant that often used for making cigarettes. In 2012, the government issued regulations for the diversification of tobacco products besides cigarettes. Some of these diversified tobacco products include organic pesticides, anesthetics, cosmetic ingredients, and biochar as an alternative to coal. Therefore, in order to further to diversification of tobacco product, this study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity from n-hexane extract from leaves using the Soxhlet extraction method. Antioxidant activity was assessed by the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method, while the total phenolic content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method that allowed quantification of phenolic compounds in the extract, which possesses the role of antioxidant. The IC50 value obtained from the antioxidant activity assay of the n-hexane extract of tobacco leaves was 426.042 μg/mL, classified as very weak. Meanwhile, the total phenolic content was 51.93 mg GAE/g. These results suggest that the high total phenol content may have other potential activities that can be tested, such as antibacterial activity.
Comprehensive In Silico Analysis Of Bioactive Compounds From Pyrrosia piloselloides Leaves As Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors
This study aimed to evaluate the potential of bioactive compounds from Pyrrosia piloselloides leaves as xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors through an in silico approach. Methods included molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations to identify the binding affinity of test compounds to XO. Among 59 screened compounds, 3 compounds (2,6,10,14,18,22-Tetracosahexaene, 6-Hydroxymethaqualone, and β-Sitosterol acetate) exhibited the lowest binding energy in comparison to the control, Allopurinol, with key residue contributions from GLU 802, ARG 880, and THR 1010. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed the interaction stability, with β-Sitosterol acetate showing the lowest total binding free energy (-46.23 ± 0.66 kcal/mol). ADMET predictions revealed promising pharmacokinetic profiles for these compounds. This study highlights Pyrrosia piloselloides as a promising source of novel XO inhibitors, with further validation required through in vitro and in vivo experiments.
QTc Interval Prolongation in Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Treated with Bedaquiline and Delamanid Under Programmatic Conditions
Background: The cardiac safety of regimens containing bedaquiline and delamanid is not well-established, especially in Indonesia. This study aimed to analyze QTc interval during six months of treatment and factors associated with QTc interval prolongation. Methods: A prospective cohort of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) patients received regimens containing bedaquiline and delamanid between September 2022 and May 2023 at the outpatient department of MDR-TB of the Dr. Soetomo Hospital. Patients were divided into bedaquiline and bedaquiline-delamanid-containing regimens groups, respectively. QTc interval was evaluated before and until the sixth month of treatment using ECG. QTc interval prolongation was categorized as clinically significant if ≥ 500 ms or QTc difference ≥ 60 ms. Results: Sixty-three (63) DR-TB patients enrolled in this cohort consisting of 51 and 12 patients in the bedaquiline and the bedaquilin-delamanid group, respectively. Grade II and III of QTc interval prolongation was higher in the bedaquiline-delamanid than in the bedaquiline group, 41.7% vs. 8.3%; 15.7% vs. 1.9%, respectively, P-value 0.084. However, the mean difference in QTc interval was < 60 ms between the two groups during six months of treatment, with a P-value ≥ 0.05. Maximum QTc interval was observed after four months of treatment. No patients had serious cardiac events during the study period. Potassium and calcium levels were associated with QTc interval prolongation. Conclusion: Regimens containing bedaquiline-delamanid provide a good safety profile without serious signs of QTc interval prolongation in patients with DR-TB. These regimens should be considered as a programmatic treatment in a clinical setting. Keywords: Bedaquiline; Delamanid; DR-TB; QTc Interval
Identification of Drug Related Problems (DRPs) Based on Drug and Dosage Selection in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients
Pharmacological therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus involves more than one type of drug, this increases the potential for Drug Associated Problems (DRPs) in terms of selecting the type and dose of the drug. This study aimed to determine the treatment profile and identify the occurrence of DRPs based on drug selection and dosage in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This descriptive observational study was conducted in October 2022 in the medical record room of one general hospital in Batu, East Java. The study sample was obtained by total sampling using 36 medical records of inpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus without complications. Identification of DRPs based on The Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe (PCNE) V.9.1 guidelines. The results showed that glimepiride (6.45%), insulin (16.13%), a combination of metformin and glimepiride (3.23%), a combination of metformin and insulin (3.23%), and basal-bolus insulin (67.74%) were antidiabetic drugs used by patients. Based on the drug selection, 17 patients were identified as having DRPs where the use of drugs without indication (38.89%) was the most common case. Meanwhile, DRPs based on dose selection were found in 6 patients with 13.89% of cases being too high a drug dose. Based on this study, it can be concluded that there are cases of DRPs based on drug selection and dosage in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus so improved pharmaceutical services are needed to address this to improve patient safety.
Effectiveness of Cognitive-behavioral Therapy for Generalized-Anxiety Disorders in Adolescents: A Systematic Review Using PICO Framework
A number of teenagers experience various levels of mental disorders, ranging from mild stress to Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 264 million people suffer from anxiety disorders, including GAD, and this condition is a significant leading cause of suicide incidents, ranking sixth among serious mental health issues. From a societal perspective, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) has the advantage of cost-effectiveness by minimizing the use of medications and enhancing productivity in education for adolescents receiving CBT. This study aims to conduct a systematic review of the existing literature on GAD in adolescents, using the PICO format method and formulating relevant research questions (RQ). Based on research that has been done, CBT has a relevant effect on some cases of GAD experienced by adolescents, although in some conditions CBT needs to be combined with antidepressants.
Efficacy of Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (Valsartan, Candesartan, Losartan) in Lowering Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review
Hypertension is a significant health issue that significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are commonly used in Indonesia to treat hypertension, yet comprehensive comparative efficacy data within this drug class remain limited. This review seeks to evaluate the blood pressure-lowering efficacy of three particular angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)—Valsartan, Candesartan, and Losartan—in individuals diagnosed with hypertension. This systematic review identified randomized controlled trials (RCT) obtained from PubMed and Google Scholar using several keyword combinations. Among 20 RCTs with 6.425 patients treated with three ARBs, all included studies demonstrated significant blood pressure reductions. The mean reductions in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were the greatest for Candesartan (-18.69/-10.25 mmHg), followed by Losartan (-14.80/-7.8 mmHg), and Valsartan (-8.94/-7.58 mmHg). Candesartan achieved the largest reduction, decreasing baseline systolic blood pressure (SBP)/diastolic blood pressure (DBP) by 38.16/18.95 mmHg over 12 weeks. In contrast, Valsartan showed the smallest reduction, with SBP decreasing by 0.81/0.04 mmHg after 66 months. It can also be linked to the pharmacokinetic properties of the drugs, where Valsartan has a higher bioavailability, and Losartan has a lower bioavailability compared to the other ARBs. It can be concluded that ARBs, including Valsartan, Candesartan, and Losartan, are generally effective in reducing blood pressure in hypertensive patients, with Candesartan showing the greatest efficacy. Future research should involve direct comparative trials of Valsartan, Candesartan, and Losartan, along with studies on their molecular mechanisms, to increase effective hypertension treatments.
Effectiveness of Pharmacist-Led Intervention for Hepatitis C Patients - A Systematic Review
Background: Pharmacist-led interventions, encompassing patient education, adherence monitoring, and personalized care, have emerged as a critical strategy to optimize treatment outcomes in Hepatitis C (HCV) management, particularly in improving Sustained Virologic Response (SVR) and mitigating drug-related challenges. Objective: This review assesses the impact of pharmacist-led interventions on key HCV patient outcomes, including SVR rates, medication adherence, and the management of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) and Drug-Drug Interactions (DDIs). Methods: A systematic search was conducted on PubMed database for studies published between January 2000 and December 2024, following PRISMA guidelines. The search included Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs), cohort, and retrospective studies. An initial search identified 192 records, from which 12 studies were included in the review. Result: In hepatitis C management, pharmacists intervened in many ways including direct close monitoring, patient education, and individualized care which led to enhanced clinical outcomes and improved patient engagement. Most included studies, both RCTs and Observational studies showcased high SVR rates. Some studies that demonstrated lower SVR rates or did not differ significantly from the control group were due to more complex patient demographics. Recorded improvements also included medication adherence, patient engagement, and effective management of ADRs and DDIs. Conclusion: The findings indicate that pharmacist-led interventions demonstrated predominantly positive impacts on clinical outcomes. However, the evidence is limited by variations in study design and shortage of RCTs. Further research with standardized protocols is recommended to better define the role of pharmacists in HCV care.