Impact of high- and low-glycemic index diets on salivary insulin and cortisol: a scoping review

Anargya Alfa Fairuz, Sri Tjahajawati, Anggun Rafisa

Abstract


Introduction: Saliva is a complex biological fluid secreted by the body and has components that act as biomarkers indicating various health conditions. Recent studies have shown inconsistencies between the glycemic index (GI) and components in saliva, especially insulin and cortisol. This study aims to map the relationship between glycemic index diets (high and low) and salivary insulin and cortisol levels. Method: This scoping review followed the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines, with searches conducted in PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases from 2012 to 2023. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Review (PRISMA-ScR) framework was used for study identification and article writing. Results: Nine articles met the inclusion criteria, and data were extracted from each article. This scoping review involved 282 healthy individuals (141 males and 141 females) aged 9–55 years, with only one study focused on the pediatric population. One study examined cortisol and insulin levels together; while the remaining eight studies investigated them separately. Conclusions: This review highlights a complex interplay between GI diets and salivary biomarkers, particularly insulin and cortisol. While high-GI diets may influence salivary insulin, their impact on cortisol appears less consistent. These findings suggest that salivary biomarkers could serve as non-invasive tools for monitoring dietary impacts on metabolic and stress-related health. Further research is needed to address limitations such as population diversity, dietary standardization, and confounding factors to enhance clinical and dietary applications.


Keywords


Glycemic index, salivary cortisol, salivary insulin, salivary biomarkers

Full Text:

PDF

References


Pedersen A, Sørensen CE, Proctor GB, Carpenter GH. Salivary functions in mastication, taste and textural perception, swallowing and initial digestion. Oral Dis. 2018;24(8):1399–1416. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.12867

Zakiawati D, Sufiawati I. Peran biomarker saliva dalam deteksi penyakit mulut menggunakan nanoteknologi sebagai metode yang menjanjikan. Padjadjaran J Dent Res Stud. 2021;5(1):7–17. https://doi.org/10.24198/pjdrs.v5i1.25998

Zhang CZ, Cheng XQ, Li JY, et al. Saliva in the diagnosis of diseases. Int J Oral Sci. 2016;8(2):133–137. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijos.2016.38

Morzel M, Truntzer C, Neyraud E, Brignot H, Ducoroy P, Lucchi G, et al. Associations between food consumption patterns and saliva composition: Specificities of eating difficulties children. Physiol Behav. 2017;173:116–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.02.005

Méjean C, Morzel M, Neyraud E, Issanchou S, Martin C, Bozonnet S, et al. Salivary composition is associated with liking and usual nutrient intake. PLoS One. 2015;10(9):1–14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0137473

Schlesinger S, Chan DSM, Vingeliene S, Vieira AR, Abar L, Polemiti E, et al. Carbohydrates, glycemic index, glycemic load, and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Nutr Rev. 2017;75(6):420–41. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nux010

Louro T, Simões C, Lima W, Carreira L, Castelo PM, Luis H, et al. Salivary protein profile and food intake: a dietary pattern analysis. J Nutr Metab. 2021;2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6629951

Augustin LSA, Kendall CWC, Jenkins DJA, Willett WC, Astrup A, Barclay AW, et al. Glycemic index, glycemic load and glycemic response: An International Scientific Consensus Summit from the International Carbohydrate Quality Consortium (ICQC). Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases. 2015 Sep 1;25(9):795–815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2015.05.005

Al-Dujaili EEASS, Ashmore S, Tsang C, Nutrients CT, 2019 undefined. A short study exploring the effect of the glycaemic index of the diet on energy intake and Salivary steroid hormones. Nutrients. 2019 Jan 1;11(2).https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11020260

Kessler K, Hornemann S, Rudovich N, Weber D, Grune T, Kramer A, et al. Saliva samples as a tool to study the effect of meal timing on metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers. Nutrients. 2020 Feb 1 12(2):340. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020340

Papakonstantinou E, Xaidara M, Siopi V, Giannoglou M, Katsaros G, Theodorou G, et al. Effects of spaghetti differing in soluble fiber and protein content on glycemic responses in humans: a randomized clinical trial in healthy subjects. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Mar 1;19(5):3001.https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19053001

Lakshmi PV, Sridevi E, Sai Sankar AJ, Manoj Kumar MG, Sridhar M, Sujatha B. Diagnostic perspective of saliva in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus children: An in vivo study. Contemp Clin Dent. 2015;6(4):443-447. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-237X.169844

Desai GS. Saliva as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for inflammation and insulin-resistance. World J Diabetes. 2014;5(6):730. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v5.i6.730

Kim YJ, Kim JH, Hong AR, Park KS, Kim SYSW, Shin CS, et al. Stimulated salivary cortisol as a noninvasive diagnostic tool for adrenal insufficiency. Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2020 Sep 30;35(3):628–35. https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.707

El-Farhan N, Rees DA, Evans C. Measuring cortisol in serum, urine and saliva – are our assays good enough? Vol. 54, Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. SAGE Publications Ltd; 2017. p. 308–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004563216687335

Peters M, Godfrey C, Khalil H, McInerney P, Parker D, Soares C. Guidance for conducting systematic scoping reviews. Int J Evid Based Healthc. 2015 Sep 1;13(3):141–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/XEB.0000000000000050

Lockwood C, dos Santos KB, Pap R. Practical guidance for knowledge synthesis: scoping review methods. Asian Nurs Res (Korean Soc Nurs Sci). 2019;13(5):287–94.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anr.2019.11.002

Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O’Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D, et al. PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(7):467–73. https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850

Myette-Côté É, Baba K, Brar R, Little JP, Nutrients JL, 2017 undefined, et al. Detection of salivary insulin following low versus high carbohydrate meals in humans. Nutrients. 2017 Nov 1;9(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9111204

Papakonstantinou E, Chaloulos P, Papalexi A, Mandala I. Effects of bran size and carob seed flour of optimized bread formulas on glycemic responses in humans: A randomized clinical trial. J Funct Foods. 2018 Jul 1;46:345–55.https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JFF.2018.04.045

Gourdomichali T, Papakonstantinou E. Short-term effects of six Greek honey varieties on glycemic response: a randomized clinical trial in healthy subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2018 Dec;72(12):1709–16.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-018-0160-8

Zänkert S, Kudielka BM, Wüst S. Effect of sugar administration on cortisol responses to acute psychosocial stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2020;115(January):104607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104607

Daniel NVS, Zimberg IZ, Estadella D, Garcia MC, Padovani RC, Juzwiak CR. Effect of the intake of high or low glycemic index high carbohydrate-meals on athletes’ sleep quality in pre-game nights. An Acad Bras Cienc . 2019;91(1):20180107. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201920180107

Sacheck JM, Rasmussen HM, Hall MM, Kafka T, Blumberg JB, Economos CD. The association between pregame snacks and exercise intensity, stress, and fatigue in children. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2014 May;26(2):159–67. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.2013-0067

Dong, Y., Chen, L., Gutin, B., & Zhu, H. (2019). Total, insoluble, and soluble dietary fiber intake and insulin resistance and blood pressure in adolescents. European journal of clinical nutrition, 73(8), 1172–1178. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-018-0372-y

Rietman A, Schwarz J, Tomé D, Kok FJ, Mensink M. High dietary protein intake, reducing or eliciting insulin resistance? Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014;68(9):973–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2014.123

Yanagisawa Y. How dietary amino acids and high protein diets influence insulin secretion. Physiol Rep. 2023;11(2):1–14. https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.15577

Eelderink C, Noort MWJ, Sozer N, Koehorst M, Holst JJ, Deacon CF, et al. Difference in postprandial GLP-1 response despite similar glucose kinetics after consumption of wheat breads with different particle size in healthy men. Eur J Nutr. 2017;56(3):1063–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-016-1156-6

Mete E, Haszard J, Perry T, Oey I, Mann J, Morenga L Te. Effect of wholegrain flour particle size in bread on glycaemic and insulinaemic response among people with risk factors for type 2 diabetes: A randomised crossover trial. Nutrients. 2021;13(8):1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082579

Gu H, Ma X, Zhao J, Liu C. A meta-analysis of salivary cortisol responses in the Trier Social Stress Test to evaluate the effects of speech topics, sex, and sample size. Compr Psychoneuroendocrinol. 2022;10(February):100125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpnec.2022.100125

Van der Voorn B, Hollanders JJ, Ket JCF, Rotteveel J, Finken MJJ. Gender-specific differences in hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis activity during childhood: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biol Sex Differ. 2017;8(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13293-016-0123-5

Mardiyah S, Wandini K, Dwiyana P. The relationship between stress, emotional eating, and nutritional status in adolescents. J Gizi Dietetik Indones. 2024;12(4):252-261. https://doi.org/10.21927/ijnd.2024.12(4).252-261.

Ntovas P, Loumprinis N, Maniatakos P, Margaritidi L, Rahiotis C. The effects of physical exercise on saliva composition: a comprehensive review. Dent J (Basel). 2022;10(1):1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj10010007




DOI: https://doi.org/10.24198/pjd.vol37no1.57871

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


 

Creative Commons License All publications by the Universitas Padjadjaran [e-ISSN: 2549-6212, p-ISSN: 1979-0201] are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License .

Visitor Stat