Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry (PJD) is an open-access journal published by the Faculty of Dentistry at Universitas Padjadjaran,issued thrice annually in March, July, and November, with p-ISSN 1979-0201 and e-ISSN 2549-6212. Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry is also affiliated with Indonesian Dental Association. Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry is a scientific publication. It publishes original research manuscripts, systematic reviews, and case reports in the fields of Dental Assisting, Dental Hygiene, Periodontics, and Dentistry (Miscellaneous). However, articles focusing on indigenous health research and the use of natural resources in dentistry are also welcome. It provides a medium for sustained discussion of relevant issues that fall within the focus and scopes of the journal. Articles published in PJD undergo a double-blind peer-review process. All submissions must be written in English, must be original, unpublished, and not under simultaneous consideration elsewhere. The PJD Editorial Board screens submissions for plagiarism using plagiarism detection software. Manuscripts with a plagiarism level exceeding 20% are automatically rejected. The final decision regarding the acceptance of a scientific article rests with the Editorial Board, based on the recommendations of peer reviewers.Prior to submission, all authors must follow the journal template and complete the article and author metadata fully and accurately; otherwise, the article will not be considered for further processing. All submitted manuscripts are checked with Turnitin to prevent unacceptable levels of plagiarism. Reference management should preferably be performed using Mendeley, following the Vancouver superscript style. All keywords must be chosen based on terms included in MeSH. Starting February 2023, the Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry adopted new templates for different article types: the updated research article template can be downloaded here; templates for systematic reviews can be downloaded here; and the case report template can be downloaded here. All submitted manuscripts undergo an initial editorial assessment, double-blind peer review, and editorial reviews. All editorial practices of the Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry follow the ICMJE's Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals. The double-blind peer-review process follows the principles of RDDA (Related Discipline, Different Affiliation), under the Reviewer Guidelines of the Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry. Our policies and publication practices are fully aligned with and strictly follow COPE’s publication ethics standards.
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Correlation between oral health and the quality of life of children with disabilities using healthy-dis: an observational study
Introduction: Children with disabilities require special attention due to various limitations, such as difficulty in maintaining oral hygiene, communication barriers, and behavioral challenges. This study aimed to investigate the impact of oral health on the quality of life of children with disabilities in Jember, using the Healthy-Dis software. Methods: This analytical observational study employed a cross-sectional design. The study population consisted of 180 students enrolled at SLB C TPA Jember and SLB N 1 Patrang Jember. Caries severity was assessed using the DMF-t/def-t index, oral hygiene using the OHI-S index, and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) using the COHIP-SF 19 questionnaire. Dental care needs were evaluated using the Required Treatment Index (RTI). The COHIP-SF 19 and RTI instruments were modified and integrated into the Android-based Healthy-Dis application. Results: A significant correlation was found between gender, caries severity, oral hygiene status, and the quality of life of children with disabilities (p < 0.05). A strong positive correlation was observed between oral hygiene status and quality of life (r = 0.446), while caries severity and gender showed negative correlations. These findings highlight the importance of maintaining good oral hygiene to improve the overall well-being of children with disabilities. Conclusion: Oral health status—including caries severity and oral hygiene level—is significantly associated with the quality of life of children with disabilities. Efforts to promote better oral hygiene may enhance their daily functioning and overall well-being.
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The influence of bamboo fiber (gigantochloa apus) positioning on the flexural strength of heat-cured acrylic resin: an experimental research
Introduction: Acrylic resin is prone to fracture. Apus bamboo fiber (Gigantochloa apus), a natural fiber, is anticipated to enhance the flexural strength of acrylic resin. The fiber's position within the acrylic resin matrix is hypothesized to influence its effectiveness in improving flexural strength. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of incorporating apus bamboo fibers, based on their position, on the flexural strength of heat-cured acrylic resin plates. Methods: This study employed a laboratory experimental design with a post-test only control group. Twelve rectangular heat-cured acrylic resin plates, measuring 65 mm × 10 mm × 2.5 mm, were prepared in accordance with ISO 178:2019 and were thoroughly polished. The samples were divided into four groups, including three groups with the addition of apus bamboo fiber at a concentration of 1.6%, positioned at the upper, middle, and lower sections and one negative control group consisting of heat-cured acrylic resin plate without the addition of apus bamboo fiber. The samples underwent a three-point bending test using a Universal Testing Machine (UTM). Data analysis was conducted using a one-way ANOVA and an independent t-test. Results: The average flexural strength was 89.34 MPa in the negative control group, 69.35 MPa in the upper fiber group, 82.54 MPa in the middle fiber group, and 106.98 MPa in the lower fiber group. Statistical analysis indicated that the position of apus bamboo fibers significantly affected flexural strength (p<0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that the position of apus bamboo fibers influences the flexural strength of heat-cured acrylic resin. Apus bamboo fibers placed in the lower position, corresponding to the anatomical base of the denture, exhibited the highest flexural strength among all groups.
Comparison of Plaque Index (PI) calculation time between a Digital Dental Calculator (DDC) app and the manual method: a quasi-experimental study
Introduction: Dental plaque is a soft biofilm that accumulates on the tooth surface and around the gingival margin. If not properly managed, it can lead to oral diseases such as gingivitis. The manual assessment of the Plaque Index (PI) has several limitations, including variability in the number of teeth examined, assessor subjectivity, and potential inaccuracy, particularly at low or high plaque levels. To overcome these challenges, a technology-based approach is needed to enhance standardization and consistency. This study aims to compare the calculation time of PI using a Digital Dental Calculator (DDC) app and the conventional manual method. Methods: A quasi-experimental study with a one-group posttest-only design was conducted among 70 dental students at Universitas Baiturrahmah who had completed the periodontics module and met inclusion and exclusion criteria. Participants performed PI calculations using both manual and digital methods under standardized conditions. The time required for each method was measured in seconds. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean ± SD) and the Mann–Whitney U test to compare calculation times between the two methods, with a significance level of p < 0.05. All analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics version 26.0 to ensure transparency and reproducibility. Results: The mean PI calculation time using the manual method was 178.74 seconds, while the digital DDC method required 143.97 seconds, showing a mean difference of 34.77 seconds. Statistical analysis revealed a highly significant difference between the two methods (p < 0.001), indicating that the DDC significantly reduced PI calculation time. Conclusion: The use of the Digital Dental Calculator (DDC) significantly shortened the time required to calculate the Plaque Index compared to the manual method. These findings highlight the potential of digital tools to improve efficiency, standardization, and accuracy in both clinical and educational dental settings.
Dental anxiety and its impact on oral health-related quality of life among Indonesian children aged 8–12 years: a cross-sectional study
Introduction: Dental anxiety in children is a common problem that affects their oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). It may persist into adulthood and become chronic. This study aimed to examine the relationship between dental anxiety and OHRQoL in children aged 8–12 years. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 199 children at Baitul Maal Islamic Elementary School, Jakarta. Dental anxiety was measured using the Children’s Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS), and OHRQoL was assessed using the Child Oral Health Impact Profile-Short Form 19 (COHIP-SF19). Data were analyzed descriptively and with Pearson’s correlation analysis. Results: A total of 19.1% of children reported dental anxiety and 23.1% had poor OHRQoL. Pearson’s test revealed a significant but weak negative correlation between dental anxiety and OHRQoL (r = -0.148; p = 0.018), with R2 explaining 2.19% of the variance. Conclusion: Dental anxiety is associated with poorer OHRQoL; higher dental anxiety is associated with lower OHRQoL in children and accounts for approximately 2.19% of the variance in OHRQoL. Early interventions are essential to reduce anxiety and improve oral health outcomes.
Patient safety culture and identify factors associated with positive attitudes in private dental hospitals using the Indonesian Safety Attitude Questionnaire (SAQ-Indo): a cross-sectional study
Introduction: Patient Safety culture (PSC) in healthcare represents a significant challenge on a global scale. However, in Indonesia data on the PSC among dental healthcare workers remain limited and knowledge about PSC among dental healthcare personnel is still insufficient. Consequently, there is a necessity for education and additional knowledge on this matter. This study aims to analyze the patient safety culture among dental healthcare workers and identify factors associated with positive attitudes in private dental hospitals using the Indonesian Safety Attitude Questionnaire (SAQ-Indo) Methods: A descriptive observational cross-sectional study design was used. The study was conducted among dental healthcare workers in two private dental hospitals in Jakarta and Semarang, Central Java. PSC factors were identified using bivariate analysis with Chi-square and simple logistic regression which classified responses as positive or negative based on the median of total score. The PSC score was the total score from 30 SAQ-Indo questions. Results: This study identified low, medium, good and very good safety culture levels based on percentile classification. Positive attitudes toward patient safety were found among participants from both private dental hospitals. Several factors were found to be associated with positive attitudes toward patient safety, including type of dental healthcare workers, age, level of education and practical experience. Conclusion: This study revealed patient safety attitudes among dental healthcare workers. The positive PSC scores were around 45% for the hospital in Jakarta and 32% for the hospital in Central Java. There is a need for socialization and education on PSC for dental healthcare workers at both private dental hospitals. Several factors were also found to be associated with positive attitudes toward patient safety, including professional role, age, educational level, and clinical experience. These findings may help increase awareness of patient safety at the hospital level in the future
Effect on color stability and surface roughness of nanofiller dental composite after soaking in Bidara leaf (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam) ethanol extract: an experimental study
Introduction: Dental composite resins offer aesthetic appeal and high wear resistance; however, their physical properties may diminish after exposure to colored foods or mouthwashes. We explore Bidara leaf (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam) extract as an alternative mouthwash due to its rich content of bioactive compounds. The study aims to analyze the color change and surface roughness of nanofiller composite resins after immersion in Bidara leaf ethanol extract. Methods: This research was an experimental study. The resin composite samples were divided into four groups; each group consisted of 3 specimens (n=3): Group 1 (negative control) immersed in distilled water; Group 2 (positive control) immersed in 0.2% chlorhexidine; and Groups 3 and 4 soaked in 4.5% and 20% ethanol extracts of Bidara leaf, respectively. The specimens were cylindrical with a diameter of 10 mm and a thickness of 2 mm. All specimens were the same size, shape, and color, with flat surfaces and no cracks or stains. Samples were immersed for two minutes daily over one month. Color changes were analyzed using a stereomicroscope and the CIELab color system with Adobe Photoshop, while surface roughness was assessed using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Results: Color changes show ΔE>3.3 indicating a visible difference. The most significant color change occurrs in Group 4, followed by Groups 3, 2, and 1. One-way ANOVA shows a statistically significant color change (p<0.05). Surface roughness also increases, with Group 4 (0.138±0.066 μm) displaying the greatest roughness compared to Group 3 (0.122±0.061 μm), Group 2 (0.122±0.076 μm), and Group 1 (0.054±0.012 μm). Based on the one-way ANOVA test, the results show no significant differences (p>0.05) between the pre- and post-immersion. Conclusion: Although changes in surface roughness were not statistically significant, the ethanol extract of Bidara leaf influences the color and surface roughness of the nanofiller dental composite.
Phytochemical composition and cytotoxic assessment of Carica papaya leaf extracts on human squamous carcinoma-3 Cells (in vitro): a laboratory experimental
Introduction: Oral cancer is one of the major diseases that can cause death worldwide. With the advancement of research on new drugs, medicinal plants have been explored as an alternative approach to cancer treatment. Papaya (Carica papaya) is a plant that has long been used in traditional medicine to treat various diseases. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of C. papaya leaf have been reported to exhibit anticancer properties through mechanisms such as inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis. This study aimed to analyze the cytotoxic effect of C. papaya leaf extract obtained with different extraction solvents on HSC-3 cell lines. Methods: This laboratory-based experimental study employed a post-test only control group design. The sample size was determined using the Federer formula, yielding four replicates per group. HSC-3 cell lines were treated with ethanolic and aqueous extracts of C. papaya leaf at concentrations of 125, 250, and 500 μg/mL for 24 hours, followed by a cytotoxicity test using the CCK-8 assay. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins in both ethanolic and aqueous extracts, whereas triterpenoids were detected only in the ethanolic extract, and saponins were detected only in aqueous extract. HSC-3 cells did not show any significant cytotoxic response to either extract at any tested concentration. Conclusion: Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of C. papaya leaf at concentrations of 125, 250, and 500 μg/mL did not exhibit any cytotoxic effects on HSC-3 cell lines.
Ethyl acetate fractions of Cordyline fruticosa leaf: Chemical composition and cariogenic antimicrobial activity
Introduction: Early childhood caries (ECC) is a prominent oral health problem, especially among low socioeconomic status (SES) groups. The development of herbal agents for caries prevention is essential due to the elevated costs and potential adverse effects linked to existing synthetic pharmaceuticals. Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A. Chev. (CF), prevalent in Indonesian rural regions, is an ornamental plant recognised for its medicinal properties, especially its antimicrobial efficacy. This study aimed to identify the chemical compounds in the ethyl acetate fraction of CF leaf extract and evaluate its antibacterial and antifungal activities against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Candida albicans (C. albicans), the main microorganisms associated with early childhood caries. Methods: This study used a laboratory experimental method. CF leaf extract was fractionated using ethyl acetate. Phytochemical and GC-MS screening were performed to identify secondary metabolites and chemical compounds. S. mutans and C. albicans were isolated from supragingival plaque samples of pediatric patients with severe ECC. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined via serial dilution and ELISA spectrophotometry by comparing absorbance or optical density (OD) values before and after incubation.Results: Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, and triterpenoids. GC-MS identified 4 chemical compounds, of which the largest peak area (73.88%) corresponding to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. The MIC for S. mutans was 3.125% and 1.56% for C. albicans. Conclusion: The ethyl acetate fraction of the CF leaf extract exhibits antibacterial and antifungal properties and may function as a cariogenic antimicrobial agent.
Effect of demineralized dentin matrix and chitosan of black soldier fly on osteoblast and osteoclast activity in post-extraction socket preservation: an experimental study
Introduction: Alveolar bone remodeling is crucial because it represents a key component of oral rehabilitation. Dentin Demineralization Matrix (DDM) and chitosan Black Soldier Fly (BSF) pupae have osteoinductive and osteoconductive properties, influencing osteoblast and osteoclast activity. The objective of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of a combined gel of DDM and chitosan BSF pupae on osteoblast and osteoclast activity. Methods: Eighteen guinea pigs were divided into control (C) and treatment (T) groups. The mandibular left incisor was extracted, and in the C group, the socket was filled with polyethylene glycol (PEG) gel as a placebo, then sutured using non-absorbable silk. In the T group, the socket was applied with chitosan BSF pupae gel and DDM, then sutured with non-absorbable silk. The samples were euthanized on days 7, 14, and 21, followed by histological evaluation with Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E). Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test due to non-normal distribution. Results: There were significant increases in the number of osteoblasts and a decrease in the number of osteoclasts over time between days 7, 14, and 21. Kruskal-Wallis analysis showed a statistically significant difference (p=0.011, p<0.05). Conclusion: Application of a combined DDM and BSF-chitosan pupae enhanced osteoblastic activity while suppressing osteoclastic activity after tooth extraction. These findings indicate its potential as a biomaterial candidate for alveolar bone regeneration and future regenerative applications.
Comparative analysis of IL-6 levels in post-tooth extraction inflammation among menopausal and non-menopausal: in vivo experimental
Introduction: IL-6 acts as a biomarker of the inflammatory process. In elderly, especially women, the demand for tooth extraction treatment is quite high. A failure in the wound healing process during the menopausal period can prolong the inflammation process, thereby increasing the probability of infection, including alveolar osteitis. The menopausal process affects estrogen levels in the blood, which leads to reduced collagen formation as a key component of tissue regeneration. IL-6 levels can also increase during inflammation, especially in the chronic phase following tooth extraction. The study aims to analyze the differences in inflammatory IL-6 levels between menopausal and non-menopausal rats. Methods: This study applied an in vivo experimental design. A total of 30 Rattus novergicus were divided into two groups: a control group and a treatment group. The control group consisted of rats in which no oophorectomy was performed (non-menopausal), while the treatment group underwent ovariectomy to induce menopause. One after the procedure, tooth extraction were performed, and observations were conducted on days 3, 7, and 14 post-extractions. IL-6 levels were measured using ELISA from blood serum samples. The data were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA. Results: The average IL-6 levels (in ng/L) in the control (non-menopausal) group on days 3, 7, and 14 were 0.087, 0.318, and 0.247, respectively. The average IL-6 levels in the treatment (menopausal) group were 0.191, 0.452, and 0.318, respectively. The One-Way ANOVA test showed no significant difference between the groups (p=0.799 > 0.05). Conclusion: The trend of higher IL-6 levels in the menopausal group suggests a potential impact of hormonal changes on post-extraction inflammation. Although no significant difference was found, the elevated IL-6 levels in menopausal rats indicate a potential effect of estrogen deficiency on the inflammatory response following tooth extraction.
Correlation between of nasopharyngeal dimensions and craniofacial structure in 8–15-year-olds: a cross-sectional study
Introduction: Nasopharyngeal dimensions are closely associated with craniofacial structures. Changes in the nasopharynx during facial growth may influence craniofacial development. This study aimed to analyze the correlations between nasopharyngeal dimensions and craniofacial structures in children aged 8–15 years. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design, based on lateral cephalometry in 66 children aged 8–15 years who attended the Orthodontic Clinic, Universitas Sumatera Utara, from June-December 2022. All participants had skeletal and dental Class I relationships, no harmful habits, and were not on long-term medication. The study measured nasopharyngeal dimensions, including the mean and standard deviation of bony and soft tissue components, and craniofacial structures such as maxillary length, mandibular length, and lower anterior facial height. Data were analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk test for normality and Pearson’s correlation test. Results: The posterior height of the nasal cavity had the highest mean value among nasopharyngeal measurements (53.99 ± 4.30 mm). Among soft tissue parameters, AD1–PNS showed the greatest mean (24.99 ± 4.70 mm) compared with PTV–AD and AD2–PNS. The mandibular length exceeded the maxillary length, and the lower anterior facial height averaged 117.74 ± 8.57 mm. Pearson’s correlation analysis showed significant correlations (p<0.05) between nasopharyngeal dimensions and craniofacial structures. The nasal floor length, posterior height of the nasal cavity, bony nasopharynx height and depth, and soft tissue measures (AD1–PNS, PTV–AD) were significantly correlated with maxillary and mandibular lengths and lower anterior facial height. Conclusion: The posterior height of the nasal cavity demonstrated the highest average value, and mandibular length was greater than maxillary length. In children aged 8–15 years, nasopharyngeal dimensions were correlated with craniofacial structures, with the exception of the nasopharyngeal depth angle and roof angle of the bony nasopharynx.
Differences in handgrip strength and tooth loss between cognitively normal and impaired elderly: cross-sectional study
Introduction: The aging process in elderly individuals triggers changes in the brain that can lead to a decline in cognitive function, impacting quality of life. Age-related physiological changes affect the muscles around the oral cavity and the musculoskeletal system. These changes manifest as a decrease in the mass and strength of the chewing muscles. Tooth loss further exacerbates the ability to chew. This study aims to analyze differences in handgrip strength and tooth loss between cognitively normal and impaired elderly. Methods: Observational analytic with cross-sectional design using the Mann-Whitney comparative significance test and independent sample t-test with a significance level of p<0.05 was conducted. A purposive sampling technique was applied to a population residing in Dago Village, Bandung. The inclusion criteria included elderly individuals aged ≥60 years, both male and female, able to communicate effectively, and willing to participate in the study by signing an informed consent form. Cognitive function was assessed through interviews using the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), along with an examination of the number of missing teeth and hand grip strength measured with the Electronic Hand Dynamometer (Camry EH101). Analyzed data used the Mann–Whitney test. Results: A total of 34 subjects met the inclusion criteria from the total population of 71 older adults examined. The independent sample t-test for handgrip strength showed that elderly individuals with cognitive impairment had weaker handgrip strength (mean=14.250, SD=5.0285) compared to cognitively normal individuals (mean=22.281, SD=6.0204), with a p-value of 0.0001 (p<0.05). The Mann–Whitney test results for tooth loss indicated that elderly individuals with cognitive impairment experienced greater tooth loss (range=11–32 teeth, mean=20.78) compared to cognitively normal individuals (range=0–10 teeth, mean=13.81), with a p-value of 0.041 (p<0.05). Conclusion: There are differences in hand grip strength and tooth loss were found between cognitively normal and impaired elderly.
Correlation analysis of saliva volume and salivary pH on dental caries status in children aged 11-12 years using the HI BOGI application: a cross sectional study
Introduction: Oral health is a key indicator of overall wellbeing, with dental caries remaining one of the most prevalent oral health problems in Indonesia. Saliva, particularly its volume and pH, is an important host factor influencing caries development. This study aims to analyze the association between saliva volume and salivary PH and dental caries among schoolchildren using the HI BOGI application. Methods: An analytic observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted among 11–12-year-old students from six randomly selected primary schools in Cimahi City (n=285). Saliva volume and pH were measured, and dental caries experience was assessed using the HI BOGI application. Data were analyzed using the Spearman rho correlation test. Results: Children with lower saliva volume and more acidic saliva pH demonstrated higher DMF-T scores. Correlation tests indicated a relationship between low salivary volume and dental caries incidence (rs= –0.117; p≤0.05) and between salivary pH and caries (rs= –0.287; p≤0.05). Conclusion: saliva volume and acidic saliva pH are significant risk factors for dental caries incidence among 11–12-year-old children as identified through the HI BOGI application assessment.
Antibacterial and antibiofilm effect of moringa oleifera leaves on bacteria associated with endodontic-periodontal lesions: an experimental study
Introduction: Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is the gold standard irrigation solution in root canal treatment; however, its clinical use is limited by its potential toxicity to periodontal tissue. Moringa oleifera is a natural plant known for its antibacterial properties. The study aims to analyze the potential antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of M. oleifera leaves on bacteria associated with endodontic-periodontal lesions. Methods: An experimental study was conducted using samples of P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 and S. sanguinis ATCC 10556 cultured on BHI agar before exposure to M. oleifera leaf extract at concentrations of 80, 60, 40, and 20%. A 5.25% NaOCl solution served as the positive control, while distilled water was used as the negative control. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using the tube dilution method with BHI medium and defined as the lowest concentration that inhibited bacterial growth. The minimum bacterial concentration (MBC) was determined by subculturing inoculum from tubes that showed no visible growth in the MIC test. A standard plate count method was used to measure the growth density of P. gingivalis and S. sanguinis. The antibiofilm assay evaluated biofilm attachment using crystal violet staining. Biofil density was quantified using spectrophotometry at 570nmto measure the amount of transmitted light. A One-way ANOVA Test was applied to the normally distributed data, while the Kruskal-Wallis Test was used for non-normally distributed data. Post-hoc tests were performed to determine significant differences between groups, with a significance level set at p < 0.05. Result: The antibacterial test showed a significant effect of M. oleifera leaf extracts on the elimination of P. gingivalis (p = 0.002) and S. sanguinis (p = 0.001). The antibiofilm tests also showed a significant difference between among M. oleifera extract groups. Conclusion: M. oleifera leaf extract at concentrations of of 60 and 80 % exhibits antibacterial and antibiofil effects against P. gingivalis and S. sanguinis.
The number of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in bone remodeling of bone defects caused by peri-implantitis using Anadara granosa bone graft: an experimental study
Introduction: Peri-implantitis treatment aims to replace the damaged bone with new and healthy tissue during bone remodeling process. Bone grafts are materials used to stimulate the formation of new bone. Bone graft material derived from Anadara granosa (AG) can be synthesized into hydroxyapatite–tricalcium phosphate (HA-TCP) at a 70:30 ratio, which supports bone regeneration, as indicated by an increase in osteoblast numbers and decrease in osteoclast numbers. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of Anadara granosa bone graft in the number of osteoblasts and osteoclasts during bone remodeling process. Methods: This study employed an experimental design with a post-test only control group. A total of 84 mice were divided into 12 groups (7 mice per group): negative control (K−), positive control (K+), and treatment group (P), each observed on days 14 and 28. Histological analysis was performed to count osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Results: The number of osteoclasts was significantly reduced in the treatment groups (P14: 7.00 ± 1.528; P28: 6.57 ± 1.512) compared to the positive controls (K+14: 13.86 ± 2.410; K+28: 14.29 ± 1.496). On the contrary, the number of osteoblasts increased in the treatment groups (P14: 7.14 ± 1.676; P28: 8.57 ± 1.272) compared to the positive controls (K+14: 2.57 ± 1.512; K+28: 3.86 ± 1.574). Statistical analysis indicated that osteoblasts showed significant differences after AG treatment (p<0.05), and the ANOVA test showed significant differences in osteoclast number after AG treatment (p<0.05). Conclusion: The number of osteoblasts increases while the number of osteoclast reduces in bone remodelling of bone defect caused by peri-implantitis using AG bone graft.
Differences of oral health scoring among pregnant women at two basic emergency obstetric and neonatal services centers: a cross-sectional study
Introduction: In Indonesia, the prevalence of oral health issues remains high, reaching 63.4% in West Java. Differences exist between regions, with Bandung Regency at 64.67% and Bandung City at 47.88%. These regional disparities, influenced by social determinants such as access to care, socioeconomic status, and health literacy, contribute to unequal outcomes. Pregnant women are particularly vulnerable due to physiological and hormonal changes, with poor oral health increasing the risk of preterm birth, low birth weight, and preeclampsia. Community health centers (puskesmas), as primary care facilities emphasizing promotive and preventive services, employ the Oral Health Scoring (OHS) method to assess both felt and normative needs. This study analyzes the differences of oral health scoring among pregnant women at two basic emergency obstetric and neonatal services centers. Methods: A cross-sectional, comparative analytical quantitative design was used. The subjects were pregnant women attending the two puskesmas, selected by accidental sampling. Oral health status was assessed using the OHS method. Data were analyzed with an independent t-test to compare groups. Results: A total of 100 pregnant women participated, mostly aged 26–35 years. Half reported discomfort (50%) and nearly half were dissatisfied with appearance (48%), though most had no eating difficulties (67%). Normative findings showed 85% of the women had 1–8 decayed teeth, 54% of them had enamel erosion, and 19% of them had inflammation/ulceration. Significant differences were found in caries (p=0.020), erosion (p=0.005), and inflammation/ulceration (p=0.010), but not in occlusion. Overall, 75% of the women were categorized as healthy, with no significant difference between centers (p=0.253). Conclusion: There are differences in the examination of caries, wear, and inflammation among pregnant women. There are no differences found on OHS category results in two basic emergency obstetric and neonatal services centers
The clinical success of infra-zygomatic crest (IZC) bone screw in non-extraction treatment of Class II malocclusion: a Case Report
Introduction: Temporary Anchorage Devices (TADs), absolute anchorage systems with minimal side effects on orthodontic mechanical movements, can be alternatives to wider non-surgical, non-extraction, and non-compliance treatments. The placement of extra-radicular mini-screws at the infra zygomatic crest (IZC) is one of the most commonly used approaches for skeletal anchorage. Maxillary arch distalization with IZC can be effectively performed in Class II malocclusion patients with large overjet using non-extraction treatment, especially due to increasing patient demands to avoid extractions. The aim of this case report is to demonstrate the effectiveness of infrazygomatic crest (IZC) extra-radicular TADs for maxillary distalization in a Class II malocclusion cases treated without extractions. Case report: A 16-year-old female patient came to the Orthodontic Clinic with the complaint of forward upper teeth, Class II Angle malocclusion and Class I skeletal with a convex facial profile, deep overbite, overjet 6 mm, posterior scissor bite, diastema between teeth 32-33, and deep curve of Spee. The patient was treated with non-extraction fixed orthodontics using a self-ligating system prescription, utilizing extra radicular Temporary Anchorage Devices (TADs) at the infra zygomatic crest measuring 2 x 12 mm for maxillary retraction. Following the maxillary retraction treatment, successful outcomes were achieved as the overjet decreased from 6 mm to 3 mm; Class I molar and canine relationships were established; and the distance from I to NA was reduced from 11 mm to 5 mm. Conclusion: The clinical use of infra-zygomatic crest (IZC) bone screw in non-extraction treatment of Class II malocclusion case was successfully conducted with non-extraction fixed orthodontic treatment.
Enhancing clinical outcomes of regenerative periodontal treatment in periodontitis stage II grade B using platelet-rich fibrin: a case report
Introduction: Periodontitis is a complex, multifactorial inflammatory disease of tooth-supporting tissues that can impair quality of life if left untreated. Therefore, treatment that can improve good clinical outcomes and last for a long time is needed. This case report aims to present the periodontal regenerative therapy of a patient with stage 3 grade B periodontitis using platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) combined with bovine bone graft and pericardium membrane. Case report: A 36-year-old female patient presented for treatment of her lower anterior teeth. She complained of gum bleeding, tooth mobility and discomfort when chewing food for one year. Clinical examinations showed deep periodontal pockets and alveolar bone loss up to half the length of the root of teeth 31 and 41. After the initial phase treatment, which comprises scaling and root planning, teeth contact point repairment, extra coronal fiber splint installation and occlusal adjustment are performed. The surgical phase treatment of regenerative therapy is then performed using PRF combined with bovine bone graft and pericardium membrane. Conclusion: Regenerative periodontal treatment using platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) combined with bovine bone graft and pericardium membrane is proven to improve clinical outcomes in pocket probing depth successful (PD) reduction, gain of clinical attachment level (CAL) and alveolar bone regeneration.
Gene polymorphism in oral health condition associated with coal dust exposure: a systematic review
Introduction: South Kalimantan, known as the second largest coal supplier in Indonesia, is associated with the presence of significant quantities of coal dust in the environment. Coal dust contains various substances that are carcinogenic and cytotoxic. Direct contact of coal dust to the oral cavity is at risk of gene polymorphism resulting in the manifestation of diseases in the mouth. The study aimed to explore the relationship between gene polymorphisms affecting oral health conditions and coal dust exposure through a systematic review. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Google Scholar, Crossref, Scopus, Web of Science, Lens, and Semantic Scholar databases was conducted for English peer-reviewed articles (1/1/2004–15/9/2024) on oral-related gene polymorphisms from coal dust exposure in humans, animals, and cells. The review followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines, with a narrative synthesis of the findings. Bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS), SYstematic Review Centre for Laboratory animal Experimentation (SYRCLE) and Quality Assessment Tool for In Vitro Studies (QUIN). Result: Overall 17 studies were included. From all 6.703 case-control, 136 in vivo participants and 60 cell samples showed that gene polymorphisms were more frequent in the coal dust-exposed group compared to the non-exposed group and the healthy group. Predisposing factors such smoking, length of time, and age contribute to triggering oral gene polymorphisms. The limitation of this research was the limited number of studies discussing gene polymorphisms due to coal dust exposure directly to the oral cavity, which affected the representativeness of the articles. Conclusion: There are polymorphisms in 11 oral-related genes (AhR, CYP1A1, GSTM1, GSTT1, hOGG1, IL6, IL1B, NQO1, TNF, TP53, and XRCC1) after coal dust exposure, presenting genotoxic and mutagenic potential.
Challenges in the use of antibiotics and resistance pattern of odontogenic mandibular abscess: a systematic review
Introduction: Odontogenic mandibular abscess is a severe and potentially life-threatening dental infection that demands prompt and appropriate intervention. Previous reviews have focused broadly on odontogenic infections, but few have analyzed antibiotic resistance trends specific to mandibular abscesses. This systematic review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy and to analyze current antimicrobial resistance patterns in the management of odontogenic mandibular abscesses. Methods: The research question was framed using the PICOS approach; Participants: patients with odontogenic mandibular abscess; Interventions: antibiotic regimens; Comparisons: different antibiotics or combinations; Outcomes: cure rate, duration, complications, and resistance; Study design: clinical, observational, or randomized controlled trials. Literature was searched systematically in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library for studies published between 2014 and 2024. Previously published systematic reviews and case reports were excluded. Results: Ten studies met the inclusion criteria (six prospective cohorts, three retrospective, and one randomized controlled trial). The predominant pathogens were Klebsiella pneumoniae (42%), Streptococcus spp. (38%), and Staphylococcus spp. (35%). Empirical antibiotic combinations of ceftriaxone-metronidazole and amoxicillin-metronidazole showed clinical success rates of 85% and 78%, respectively. Resistance was highest for amoxicillin (67%) and ampicillin (72%), while amikacin and meropenem demonstrated high sensitivity (>90%). Conclusion: Misuse of antibiotics remains a major contributor to antimicrobial resistance. Optimal management of odontogenic mandibular abscesses requires surgical drainage combined with rational antibiotic use based on resistance data. The implication of this systematic review is to provide evidence-based guidance for antibiotic selection, supporting antibiotic stewardship and improved clinical outcomes.