Genealogi Kewirausahaan Sosial
Abstract
Kewirausahaan sosial sedang menjadi perbincangan hangat di Indonesia. Pemerintah, lembaga non-profit, dan universitas terus mempromosikan kehebatan kewirausahaan sosial. Mereka mengklaim bahwa kewirausahaan sosial akan menghasilkan kemaslahatan. Sayangnya, meskipun banyak penelitian menunjukkan dampak baik kewirausahaan sosial, kajian historis dan kritis tentangnya jarang sekali dilakukan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisi kekosongan itu dan menunjukkan konteks serta kepentingan kewirausahaan sosial. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, metode genealogi digunakan sebagai ujung tanduk penelitian dengan fokus pada studi pustaka. Setelah melakukan pembacaan kritis terhadap historiografi kewirausahaan sosial studi ini menghasilkan empat kesimpulan. Pertama, palingan sosial terjadi di tahun 1980. Ini mengizinkan lahirnya kewirausahaan sosial. Neoliberalisme dan penekanannya kepada pemotongan peran negara merupakan konteks kemunculan kewirausahaan sosial. Secara sederhana, keputusan pemerintah untuk memangkas bantuan sosial serta permasalahan sosial yang mengikutinya adalah alasan utama timbulnya ide kewirausahaan sosial. Kedua, kewirausahaan sosial lahir dari rahim kewirausahaan tradisional. Keduanya sama-sama mendayagunakan subjek kewirausahaan. Ketiga, institusionalisasi kewirausahaan sosial dipengaruhi oleh kepentingan pasar bebas dan individualisasi neoliberal. Keempat, organisasi internasional berperan penting dalam penyebaran kewirausahaan sosial di seluruh dunia, khususnya negara berkembang.
In Indonesia, social entrepreneurship has became the new buzzword. Government, non-profit organizations, and university continuisly promoting the positives side of social entrepreneurship. It has been claimed that social entrepreneurship always yields prosperity. Unfortunately, although a number of publications has shown decent effects of social entrepreneurship, there was and is small attention to critical and historical reading of it. This study attempts to fill that gap and discloses the context and interest of social entrepreneurship. Genealogy method which depends on literature study will be used to attain the goals of this research. After doing critical reading of social entrepreneurship genealogy, the study has four conclusions to offer. First, social turn had been happening in the 1980 allowing the emergence of social entrepreneurship. Neoliberalism with its emphasis on minimal state was the exact context of the advent of social entrepreneurship. To simplify, government decision to retreat social benefits and social problems ensuing from it were important factors in supporting social entrepreneurship ascendancy. Second, social entrepreneurship was born out of traditional entrepreneurship. Both of them galvanize entrepeneur subject. Third, the institutionalization of social entrepreneurship was heavily influenced by neoliberal spirit of free market and individualization. Four, international organizations have been crucial to social entrepeneurship expansion across developing contries.
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