Efek Penggunaan Tunggal dan Kombinasi Asam Oleat sebagai Peningkat Penetrasi pada Sediaan Transdermal

NUR RAHAYU, Soraya Ratnawulan Mita

Abstrak


Enhancer merupakan senyawa yang dapat meningkatkan penetrasi obat ke dalam kulit. Salah satu jenis enhancer kimia yang termasuk ke dalam kelompok asam lemak adalah asam oleat. Asam oleat bekerja dengan cara membentuk lapisan lipid baru bersama lapisan lipid stratum korneum untuk menurunkan kapasitas fungsi sawar kulit. Selain digunakan sebagai enhancer tunggal, asam oleat dapat digunakan bersama enhancer kimia lain sebagai kombinasi untuk memperbaiki penetrasi obat. Penggunaan asam oleat secara tunggal maupun kombinasi dapat meningkatkan penetrasi obat ke dalam kulit lebih baik dibandingkan enhancer kimia lainnya seperti seperti DMSO, span 20, asam laurat, caprylic acid, capric acid dan sebagainya. Kombinasi enhancer yang sering digunakan adalah asam oleat dengan propilen glikol karena dapat meningkatkan penetrasi obat dengan optimal.

Kata Kunci: Enhancer, asam oleat, penggunaan tunggal, penggunaan  kombinasi.


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Referensi


Aarti, N.; Louk, A.; Pechtoid, R.M.;

Russell, O.; Richard, H.G. 1995. Mechanism of oleic acid induced skin penetration enhancement in vivo in humans. J. Control Release. Vol 37: 299-306.

Akhter, S.A.; Barry, B.W. 1984.

Penetration enhancers in human skin effect of oleic & azone on flurbiprofen permeation. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 36 (suppl.): 7.

Alsaqr, Ahmed; Rasoully,

Mohammed; Musteata, Florin Marcel. 2015. Investigating Transdermal Delivery of Vitamin D3. AAPS PharmSciTech. DOI: 10.1208/s12249-015-0291-3.

Ammar H.O.; Ghorab, S. M.; El-

Nahhas, et al. 2006. Design of a transdermal delivery system for aspirin as an antithrombotic drug. Int. J. Pharm. 327: 81-88.

Ammar H.O.; Ghorab, S. M.; El-

Nahhas, et al. 2007. Evaluation of chemical penetration enhancers for transdermal delivery of Aspirin. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2 (3): 96-105.

Barry, B. W. 1983. Dermatological

Formulations: Percuta- neous Absorption. Marcel Dekker, New York, U. S.

Barry, B. W. 1987. Mode of action

of penetration enhancers in human skin. Journal of Controlled Release. Vol 6: 85-97.

Barry, B. W., Bennett, S. L. 1987.

Effect of penetration enhancers on the permeation of mannitol, hydrocortisone and progesterone through human skin. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 39: 535-546.

Barry, B. W. 1991a. The LPP theory

of skin penetration enhancement. In In Vitro Percutaneous Absorption: Principles, Fundamentals and Applications, R. L. Bronaugh and H. I. Maibach, editors. CRC Press, Florida, U. S. A., pp 165-185 A., pp 1-44.

Bendas,B.; Schmalfuss,U. ; Neubert,

R. 1995. Influence of Propylene Glycol as Cosolvent on Mechanism of Drug Transport from Hydrogels. Int.J.Pharm. 116: 19-30.

Cooper, E.R. 1984. Increased skin

permeability for lipophilic molecules. J. Pharm. Sci. 73: 1153-1156.

Cooper, E.R.; Merritt, E.W.; Smith,

R.L. 1985. Effect of Fatty Acids and Alcohols on the Penetration of Acyclovir Across Human Skin in Vitro. J. Pharm.Sci. 74: 688-689.

Finnin, B. C. and Morgan, T. M.

Transdermal penetration enhancers: application limitations and potential. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 88: 955-958.

Funke AP, Schiller R, Motzkus HW,

Günther C, Müller RH, Lipp R. 2002.Transdermal delivery of highly lipophilic drugs: in vitro fluxes of antiestrogens, permeation enhancers, and solvents from liquid formulations. Pharm. Res.19(5): 661–8.

Gao S, Singh J. 1998. In vitro

percutaneous absorption enhancement of a lipophilic drug tamoxifen by terpenes. J Control Release. Elsevier. 51(2): 193–9.

Ghosh, T. K. and Banga, A. K. 1993.

Methods of enhance- ment of transdermal drug delivery: Part II. A chemical permeation enhancers. Pharmaceutical Technology. 4: 62-90.

Goodman, M., Barry, B. W. (1988)

Action of penetration enhancers on human skin as assessed by the permeation of model drugs 5-fluorouracil and estradiol. I. Infinite dose technique. J. Invest. Dermatol. 91: 323-327.

Goodman, M., Barry, B. W. 1989.

Action of penetration enhancers on human stratum comeum as assessed by differential scanning calorimetry. In: Bronaugh, R. L., Maibach, H. I. (eds). Percutaneous Absorption. Marcel Dekker, NewYork, pp 567-593.

Golden, G. M., J. E. McKie, and R.

O. Potts. 1987. Role of stratum corneum lipid fluidity in transdermal drug flux. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 76(1): 25–28.

Guy, R. H. and Hadgraft, J. 1987.

The effect of penetration enhancers on the kinetics of percutaneous absorption. Journal of Controlled Release. 5: 43-51.

Hanafi, T.; Anita, Bos, V. G., Joke,

A.B.; Hans, E. J.; Harry, E.B. 1997. In vitro human skin perturbation by Oleic acid: Thermal analysis and freeze fracture electron microscopy studies. Thermochimica Acta. 293: 77-85.

Larrucea, E.; Arellano, A.; Santoyo,

S.; Ygartua, P. 2001. Combined Effect of Oleic Acid and Propylene Glycol on the Percutaneous Penetration of Tenoxicam and its Retention in the Skin. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics. 52: 113-119.

Liron, Z. and Cohen, S. 1984.

Percutaneous absorption of alkanoic acids II: Application of regular solution theory. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 73, 538- 542.

Loftsson, T., Somogyi, G., Bodor, N.

a. Effect of choline esters and oleic acid on the penetration of acyclovir, estradiol, hydrocortisone, nitroglycerine, retinoic acid and trifluorothymidine across hairless mouse skin in vitro. Acta Pharm. Nord. 1: 279-286.

Loftsson, T., Gildersleeve, N.,

Soliman, R., Bodor, N. 1989b. Effect of oleic acid on diffusion of drugs through hairless mouse skin. Acta Pharm. Nord. 1: 17-22.

Lotta, G.; Irene, L.; Annika, A.; Ann,

K. M.; Catharina, S. 2004. Treatment of skin papillomas with topical α-Lactalbumin-Oleic acid. New Eng. J. Med. 350: 2663- 2672.

Marepally S, Boakye CHA, Shah PP,

Etukala JR, Vemuri A, et al. 2013. Design, Synthesis of Novel Lipids as Chemical Permeation Enhancers and Development of Nanoparticle System for Transdermal Drug Delivery. PLoS ONE 8(12): e82581.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0082581.

Michael Goodman BWB. 1989.

Lipid-protein-partitioning (LPP) theory of skin enhancer activity: finite dose technique. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 57: 29-40. doi:10.1016/0378-5173(89)90260-3.

Murakami, T; Yoshioka, M;

Yumoto, R; Higashi, Y; Shigeki S; Ikuta, Y; Yata N. 1998. Topical Delivery of Keloid Therapeutic Drug, Tranilast, by Combined Use of Oleic Acid and Propylene Glycol as a Penetration Enhancer: Evaluation by Skin Microdialysis in Rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 50 : 49-54.

Oh, S.Y.; Jeong, S.Y.; Park, T.G.;

Lee, J.H. 1998. Enhanced Transdermal Delivery of AZT (Zidovudine) Using Iontophoresis and Penetration Enhancer. J.Control. Release. 51: 812-816.

Okamoto,H.; Muta,K.; Hashida, M.;

Sezaki, H. 1990. Percutaneous Penetration of Acyclovir Through Excised Hairless Mouse and Rat Skin: Effect of Vehicle and Percutaneous Penetration Enhancer. Pharm.Res. 1: 64-68.

Ongipipattanakul, B.; Burnette,.R.R.;

Potts, R.O.; Francorur, M.L.1991. Evidence that Oleic acid exists in a separate phase within stratum corneum lipids. Pharm. Res. 8, 350-354.

Pfister, W. R., and Hsieh, D. S.

a. Permeation enhancers compatible with transdermal drug delivery system. Part I. Selection and formulation considerations. Medical Device Technology. 1, 48-55.

Prasanthi D, Lakshmi P. 2012. Effect

of chemical enhancers in transdermal permeation of alfuzosin hydrochloride. ISRN Pharm. (Article ID 965280):8.

Prashar, Manisha; Aggarwal, Geeta;

Harikumar, S,L. 2014. Formulation and Evaluation of Transdermal Drug Delivery System of Simvastatin Using Natural and Synthetic Permeation Enhancer. Der Pharmacia Lettre, 6 (5):358-368. ISSN 0975-5071.

Puglia, C.; Bonina, F. 2008. Effect of

polyunsaturated fatty acids and some conventional penetration enhancers on transdermal delivery of atenolol. Drug Del.15, 107-12.

Raut, Saurabh Vinod; Nemade,

Lalita S; Desai, Maya T; Bonde, Shailejkumar D; Dongare, Shweta U. 2014. Chemical Penetration Enhancers: For Transdermal Drug Delivery System. Int.J.Pharm Vol 4, 33-40. E-ISSN: 2248-9207.

Roderick, B.W.; Eric, W.S. 1996.

The role of percutaneous penetration enhnacers. Adv. Drug Del. J Pharm Rev. 18, 295-301.

Rogers, J.B. ; Dieffenbacher, A.;

Holm, J.V. 2001. Levicon of lipid nutrition (IUPAC Technical report). Pure Appl. Chem. 73(4), 685-744.

Ruland,A.; Kreuter,J.. 1992.

Influence of Various Penetration Enhancers on the in Vitro Permeation of Amino Acids Across Hairless Mouse Skin. Int.J.Pharm. 85: 7-17.

Songkro, Sarunyoo. 2009. An

overview of skin penetration enhancers: penetration enhancing activity,skin irritation potential and mechanism of action. Songklanakarin. J. Sci. Technol.31 (3), 299-32.

Touitou, E.; Godin, B.; Karl, Y.;

Buianover, S.; Becker, Y. 2002. Oleic acid, a skin penetration enhancer, affects langerhans cells and corneocytes. J. Control Rel. 80, 1-7.

Wongpayapkul, L; Leesawat, P;

Rittirod, T; Klangtrakul K; Pongpaibul Y. 2006. Effect of Single and Combined Permeation Enhancers on the Skin Permeation of Ketoprofen Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems. CMU Journal Vol 5(1): 41.

Yang, Ye; Kalluri, H; Banga A,K.

Effects of Chemical and Physical Enhancement Techniques on Transdermal Delivery of Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12) In Vitro. Pharmaceutics. Vol 3: 474-484;doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics3030474.

Zhong, J.P.; Zhou, R.R.; Chen, G.S.;

Wang, Y.; Wang, J.G. 1991. Influence of vehicles on human skin permeation of norgesterel and levonorgestrel. Yao Xue Xue Bao. 26: 933-937.

Aarti, N.; Louk, A.; Pechtoid, R.M.;

Russell, O.; Richard, H.G. 1995. Mechanism of oleic acid induced skin penetration enhancement in vivo in humans. J. Control Release. Vol 37: 299-306.

Akhter, S.A.; Barry, B.W. 1984.

Penetration enhancers in human skin effect of oleic & azone on flurbiprofen permeation. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 36 (suppl.): 7.

Alsaqr, Ahmed; Rasoully,

Mohammed; Musteata, Florin Marcel. 2015. Investigating Transdermal Delivery of Vitamin D3. AAPS PharmSciTech. DOI: 10.1208/s12249-015-0291-3.

Ammar H.O.; Ghorab, S. M.; El-

Nahhas, et al. 2006. Design of a transdermal delivery system for aspirin as an antithrombotic drug. Int. J. Pharm. 327: 81-88.

Ammar H.O.; Ghorab, S. M.; El-

Nahhas, et al. 2007. Evaluation of chemical penetration enhancers for transdermal delivery of Aspirin. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2 (3): 96-105.

Barry, B. W. 1983. Dermatological

Formulations: Percuta- neous Absorption. Marcel Dekker, New York, U. S.

Barry, B. W. 1987. Mode of action

of penetration enhancers in human skin. Journal of Controlled Release. Vol 6: 85-97.

Barry, B. W., Bennett, S. L. 1987.

Effect of penetration enhancers on the permeation of mannitol, hydrocortisone and progesterone through human skin. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 39: 535-546.

Barry, B. W. 1991a. The LPP theory

of skin penetration enhancement. In In Vitro Percutaneous Absorption: Principles, Fundamentals and Applications, R. L. Bronaugh and H. I. Maibach, editors. CRC Press, Florida, U. S. A., pp 165-185 A., pp 1-44.

Bendas,B.; Schmalfuss,U. ; Neubert,

R. 1995. Influence of Propylene Glycol as Cosolvent on Mechanism of Drug Transport from Hydrogels. Int.J.Pharm. 116: 19-30.

Cooper, E.R. 1984. Increased skin

permeability for lipophilic molecules. J. Pharm. Sci. 73: 1153-1156.

Cooper, E.R.; Merritt, E.W.; Smith,

R.L. 1985. Effect of Fatty Acids and Alcohols on the Penetration of Acyclovir Across Human Skin in Vitro. J. Pharm.Sci. 74: 688-689.

Finnin, B. C. and Morgan, T. M.

Transdermal penetration enhancers: application limitations and potential. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 88: 955-958.

Funke AP, Schiller R, Motzkus HW,

Günther C, Müller RH, Lipp R. 2002.Transdermal delivery of highly lipophilic drugs: in vitro fluxes of antiestrogens, permeation enhancers, and solvents from liquid formulations. Pharm. Res.19(5): 661–8.

Gao S, Singh J. 1998. In vitro

percutaneous absorption enhancement of a lipophilic drug tamoxifen by terpenes. J Control Release. Elsevier. 51(2): 193–9.

Ghosh, T. K. and Banga, A. K. 1993.

Methods of enhance- ment of transdermal drug delivery: Part II. A chemical permeation enhancers. Pharmaceutical Technology. 4: 62-90.

Goodman, M., Barry, B. W. (1988)

Action of penetration enhancers on human skin as assessed by the permeation of model drugs 5-fluorouracil and estradiol. I. Infinite dose technique. J. Invest. Dermatol. 91: 323-327.

Goodman, M., Barry, B. W. 1989.

Action of penetration enhancers on human stratum comeum as assessed by differential scanning calorimetry. In: Bronaugh, R. L., Maibach, H. I. (eds). Percutaneous Absorption. Marcel Dekker, NewYork, pp 567-593.

Golden, G. M., J. E. McKie, and R.

O. Potts. 1987. Role of stratum corneum lipid fluidity in transdermal drug flux. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 76(1): 25–28.

Guy, R. H. and Hadgraft, J. 1987.

The effect of penetration enhancers on the kinetics of percutaneous absorption. Journal of Controlled Release. 5: 43-51.

Hanafi, T.; Anita, Bos, V. G., Joke,

A.B.; Hans, E. J.; Harry, E.B. 1997. In vitro human skin perturbation by Oleic acid: Thermal analysis and freeze fracture electron microscopy studies. Thermochimica Acta. 293: 77-85.

Larrucea, E.; Arellano, A.; Santoyo,

S.; Ygartua, P. 2001. Combined Effect of Oleic Acid and Propylene Glycol on the Percutaneous Penetration of Tenoxicam and its Retention in the Skin. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics. 52: 113-119.

Liron, Z. and Cohen, S. 1984.

Percutaneous absorption of alkanoic acids II: Application of regular solution theory. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 73, 538- 542.

Loftsson, T., Somogyi, G., Bodor, N.

a. Effect of choline esters and oleic acid on the penetration of acyclovir, estradiol, hydrocortisone, nitroglycerine, retinoic acid and trifluorothymidine across hairless mouse skin in vitro. Acta Pharm. Nord. 1: 279-286.

Loftsson, T., Gildersleeve, N.,

Soliman, R., Bodor, N. 1989b. Effect of oleic acid on diffusion of drugs through hairless mouse skin. Acta Pharm. Nord. 1: 17-22.

Lotta, G.; Irene, L.; Annika, A.; Ann,

K. M.; Catharina, S. 2004. Treatment of skin papillomas with topical α-Lactalbumin-Oleic acid. New Eng. J. Med. 350: 2663- 2672.

Marepally S, Boakye CHA, Shah PP,

Etukala JR, Vemuri A, et al. 2013. Design, Synthesis of Novel Lipids as Chemical Permeation Enhancers and Development of Nanoparticle System for Transdermal Drug Delivery. PLoS ONE 8(12): e82581.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0082581.

Michael Goodman BWB. 1989.

Lipid-protein-partitioning (LPP) theory of skin enhancer activity: finite dose technique. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 57: 29-40. doi:10.1016/0378-5173(89)90260-3.

Murakami, T; Yoshioka, M;

Yumoto, R; Higashi, Y; Shigeki S; Ikuta, Y; Yata N. 1998. Topical Delivery of Keloid Therapeutic Drug, Tranilast, by Combined Use of Oleic Acid and Propylene Glycol as a Penetration Enhancer: Evaluation by Skin Microdialysis in Rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 50 : 49-54.

Oh, S.Y.; Jeong, S.Y.; Park, T.G.;

Lee, J.H. 1998. Enhanced Transdermal Delivery of AZT (Zidovudine) Using Iontophoresis and Penetration Enhancer. J.Control. Release. 51: 812-816.

Okamoto,H.; Muta,K.; Hashida, M.;

Sezaki, H. 1990. Percutaneous Penetration of Acyclovir Through Excised Hairless Mouse and Rat Skin: Effect of Vehicle and Percutaneous Penetration Enhancer. Pharm.Res. 1: 64-68.

Ongipipattanakul, B.; Burnette,.R.R.;

Potts, R.O.; Francorur, M.L.1991. Evidence that Oleic acid exists in a separate phase within stratum corneum lipids. Pharm. Res. 8, 350-354.

Pfister, W. R., and Hsieh, D. S.

a. Permeation enhancers compatible with transdermal drug delivery system. Part I. Selection and formulation considerations. Medical Device Technology. 1, 48-55.

Prasanthi D, Lakshmi P. 2012. Effect

of chemical enhancers in transdermal permeation of alfuzosin hydrochloride. ISRN Pharm. (Article ID 965280):8.

Prashar, Manisha; Aggarwal, Geeta;

Harikumar, S,L. 2014. Formulation and Evaluation of Transdermal Drug Delivery System of Simvastatin Using Natural and Synthetic Permeation Enhancer. Der Pharmacia Lettre, 6 (5):358-368. ISSN 0975-5071.

Puglia, C.; Bonina, F. 2008. Effect of

polyunsaturated fatty acids and some conventional penetration enhancers on transdermal delivery of atenolol. Drug Del.15, 107-12.

Raut, Saurabh Vinod; Nemade,

Lalita S; Desai, Maya T; Bonde, Shailejkumar D; Dongare, Shweta U. 2014. Chemical Penetration Enhancers: For Transdermal Drug Delivery System. Int.J.Pharm Vol 4, 33-40. E-ISSN: 2248-9207.

Roderick, B.W.; Eric, W.S. 1996.

The role of percutaneous penetration enhnacers. Adv. Drug Del. J Pharm Rev. 18, 295-301.

Rogers, J.B. ; Dieffenbacher, A.;

Holm, J.V. 2001. Levicon of lipid nutrition (IUPAC Technical report). Pure Appl. Chem. 73(4), 685-744.

Ruland,A.; Kreuter,J.. 1992.

Influence of Various Penetration Enhancers on the in Vitro Permeation of Amino Acids Across Hairless Mouse Skin. Int.J.Pharm. 85: 7-17.

Songkro, Sarunyoo. 2009. An

overview of skin penetration enhancers: penetration enhancing activity,skin irritation potential and mechanism of action. Songklanakarin. J. Sci. Technol.31 (3), 299-32.

Touitou, E.; Godin, B.; Karl, Y.;

Buianover, S.; Becker, Y. 2002. Oleic acid, a skin penetration enhancer, affects langerhans cells and corneocytes. J. Control Rel. 80, 1-7.

Wongpayapkul, L; Leesawat, P;

Rittirod, T; Klangtrakul K; Pongpaibul Y. 2006. Effect of Single and Combined Permeation Enhancers on the Skin Permeation of Ketoprofen Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems. CMU Journal Vol 5(1): 41.

Yang, Ye; Kalluri, H; Banga A,K.

Effects of Chemical and Physical Enhancement Techniques on Transdermal Delivery of Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12) In Vitro. Pharmaceutics. Vol 3: 474-484;doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics3030474.

Zhong, J.P.; Zhou, R.R.; Chen, G.S.;

Wang, Y.; Wang, J.G. 1991. Influence of vehicles on human skin permeation of norgesterel and levonorgestrel. Yao Xue Xue Bao. 26: 933-937.

Aarti, N.; Louk, A.; Pechtoid, R.M.;

Russell, O.; Richard, H.G. 1995. Mechanism of oleic acid induced skin penetration enhancement in vivo in humans. J. Control Release. Vol 37: 299-306.

Akhter, S.A.; Barry, B.W. 1984.

Penetration enhancers in human skin effect of oleic & azone on flurbiprofen permeation. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 36 (suppl.): 7.

Alsaqr, Ahmed; Rasoully,

Mohammed; Musteata, Florin Marcel. 2015. Investigating Transdermal Delivery of Vitamin D3. AAPS PharmSciTech. DOI: 10.1208/s12249-015-0291-3.

Ammar H.O.; Ghorab, S. M.; El-

Nahhas, et al. 2006. Design of a transdermal delivery system for aspirin as an antithrombotic drug. Int. J. Pharm. 327: 81-88.

Ammar H.O.; Ghorab, S. M.; El-

Nahhas, et al. 2007. Evaluation of chemical penetration enhancers for transdermal delivery of Aspirin. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2 (3): 96-105.

Barry, B. W. 1983. Dermatological

Formulations: Percuta- neous Absorption. Marcel Dekker, New York, U. S.

Barry, B. W. 1987. Mode of action

of penetration enhancers in human skin. Journal of Controlled Release. Vol 6: 85-97.

Barry, B. W., Bennett, S. L. 1987.

Effect of penetration enhancers on the permeation of mannitol, hydrocortisone and progesterone through human skin. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 39: 535-546.

Barry, B. W. 1991a. The LPP theory

of skin penetration enhancement. In In Vitro Percutaneous Absorption: Principles, Fundamentals and Applications, R. L. Bronaugh and H. I. Maibach, editors. CRC Press, Florida, U. S. A., pp 165-185 A., pp 1-44.

Bendas,B.; Schmalfuss,U. ; Neubert,

R. 1995. Influence of Propylene Glycol as Cosolvent on Mechanism of Drug Transport from Hydrogels. Int.J.Pharm. 116: 19-30.

Cooper, E.R. 1984. Increased skin

permeability for lipophilic molecules. J. Pharm. Sci. 73: 1153-1156.

Cooper, E.R.; Merritt, E.W.; Smith,

R.L. 1985. Effect of Fatty Acids and Alcohols on the Penetration of Acyclovir Across Human Skin in Vitro. J. Pharm.Sci. 74: 688-689.

Finnin, B. C. and Morgan, T. M.

Transdermal penetration enhancers: application limitations and potential. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 88: 955-958.

Funke AP, Schiller R, Motzkus HW,

Günther C, Müller RH, Lipp R. 2002.Transdermal delivery of highly lipophilic drugs: in vitro fluxes of antiestrogens, permeation enhancers, and solvents from liquid formulations. Pharm. Res.19(5): 661–8.

Gao S, Singh J. 1998. In vitro

percutaneous absorption enhancement of a lipophilic drug tamoxifen by terpenes. J Control Release. Elsevier. 51(2): 193–9.

Ghosh, T. K. and Banga, A. K. 1993.

Methods of enhance- ment of transdermal drug delivery: Part II. A chemical permeation enhancers. Pharmaceutical Technology. 4: 62-90.

Goodman, M., Barry, B. W. (1988)

Action of penetration enhancers on human skin as assessed by the permeation of model drugs 5-fluorouracil and estradiol. I. Infinite dose technique. J. Invest. Dermatol. 91: 323-327.

Goodman, M., Barry, B. W. 1989.

Action of penetration enhancers on human stratum comeum as assessed by differential scanning calorimetry. In: Bronaugh, R. L., Maibach, H. I. (eds). Percutaneous Absorption. Marcel Dekker, NewYork, pp 567-593.

Golden, G. M., J. E. McKie, and R.

O. Potts. 1987. Role of stratum corneum lipid fluidity in transdermal drug flux. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 76(1): 25–28.

Guy, R. H. and Hadgraft, J. 1987.

The effect of penetration enhancers on the kinetics of percutaneous absorption. Journal of Controlled Release. 5: 43-51.

Hanafi, T.; Anita, Bos, V. G., Joke,

A.B.; Hans, E. J.; Harry, E.B. 1997. In vitro human skin perturbation by Oleic acid: Thermal analysis and freeze fracture electron microscopy studies. Thermochimica Acta. 293: 77-85.

Larrucea, E.; Arellano, A.; Santoyo,

S.; Ygartua, P. 2001. Combined Effect of Oleic Acid and Propylene Glycol on the Percutaneous Penetration of Tenoxicam and its Retention in the Skin. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics. 52: 113-119.

Liron, Z. and Cohen, S. 1984.

Percutaneous absorption of alkanoic acids II: Application of regular solution theory. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 73, 538- 542.

Loftsson, T., Somogyi, G., Bodor, N.

a. Effect of choline esters and oleic acid on the penetration of acyclovir, estradiol, hydrocortisone, nitroglycerine, retinoic acid and trifluorothymidine across hairless mouse skin in vitro. Acta Pharm. Nord. 1: 279-286.

Loftsson, T., Gildersleeve, N.,

Soliman, R., Bodor, N. 1989b. Effect of oleic acid on diffusion of drugs through hairless mouse skin. Acta Pharm. Nord. 1: 17-22.

Lotta, G.; Irene, L.; Annika, A.; Ann,

K. M.; Catharina, S. 2004. Treatment of skin papillomas with topical α-Lactalbumin-Oleic acid. New Eng. J. Med. 350: 2663- 2672.

Marepally S, Boakye CHA, Shah PP,

Etukala JR, Vemuri A, et al. 2013. Design, Synthesis of Novel Lipids as Chemical Permeation Enhancers and Development of Nanoparticle System for Transdermal Drug Delivery. PLoS ONE 8(12): e82581.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0082581.

Michael Goodman BWB. 1989.

Lipid-protein-partitioning (LPP) theory of skin enhancer activity: finite dose technique. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 57: 29-40. doi:10.1016/0378-5173(89)90260-3.

Murakami, T; Yoshioka, M;

Yumoto, R; Higashi, Y; Shigeki S; Ikuta, Y; Yata N. 1998. Topical Delivery of Keloid Therapeutic Drug, Tranilast, by Combined Use of Oleic Acid and Propylene Glycol as a Penetration Enhancer: Evaluation by Skin Microdialysis in Rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 50 : 49-54.

Oh, S.Y.; Jeong, S.Y.; Park, T.G.;

Lee, J.H. 1998. Enhanced Transdermal Delivery of AZT (Zidovudine) Using Iontophoresis and Penetration Enhancer. J.Control. Release. 51: 812-816.

Okamoto,H.; Muta,K.; Hashida, M.;

Sezaki, H. 1990. Percutaneous Penetration of Acyclovir Through Excised Hairless Mouse and Rat Skin: Effect of Vehicle and Percutaneous Penetration Enhancer. Pharm.Res. 1: 64-68.

Ongipipattanakul, B.; Burnette,.R.R.;

Potts, R.O.; Francorur, M.L.1991. Evidence that Oleic acid exists in a separate phase within stratum corneum lipids. Pharm. Res. 8, 350-354.

Pfister, W. R., and Hsieh, D. S.

a. Permeation enhancers compatible with transdermal drug delivery system. Part I. Selection and formulation considerations. Medical Device Technology. 1, 48-55.

Prasanthi D, Lakshmi P. 2012. Effect

of chemical enhancers in transdermal permeation of alfuzosin hydrochloride. ISRN Pharm. (Article ID 965280):8.

Prashar, Manisha; Aggarwal, Geeta;

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.24198/jf.v14i1.8616

DOI (PDF): https://doi.org/10.24198/jf.v14i1.8616.g4154

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