Efektivitas antibakteri gel chitosan dengan berat molekul berbeda terhadap jumlah koloni bakteri Streptococcus mutans pada permukaan email sekitar braket ortodonti   Antibacterial effectiveness of chitosan gel with different molecular weights on the number of Streptococcus mutans colonies in the enamel surface around orthodontic bracket

Della Noor Insany; Haru Setyo Anggani; Widya Kusumadewi

doi:10.24198/jkg.v33i3.32598

Efektivitas antibakteri gel chitosan dengan berat molekul berbeda terhadap jumlah koloni bakteri Streptococcus mutans pada permukaan email sekitar braket ortodonti
Antibacterial effectiveness of chitosan gel with different molecular weights on the number of Streptococcus mutans colonies in the enamel surface around orthodontic bracket

Della Noor Insany, Haru Setyo Anggani, Widya Kusumadewi

Abstract

Pendahuluan: Chitosan merupakan bahan alami, bersifat antibakteri, dan dapat dibentuk menjadi gel sehingga berpotensi sebagai agen profilaksis terhadap Streptococcus mutans, penyebab demineralisasi email. Lesi white spot merupakan salah satu risiko penggunaan alat ortodonti cekat. Berat molekul merupakan salah satu faktor yang memengaruhi efektivitas antibakteri chitosan, namun hubungannya masih memberikan hasil yang inkonsisten. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis perbedaan efektivitas gel chitosan dengan berat molekul berbeda terhadap jumlah koloni bakteri Streptococcus mutans pada permukaan email sekitar braket ortodonti. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen laboratoy dengan menggunakan 24 sampel gigi dengan braket dioles gel chitosan A (50-80 kDa), gel chitosan B (50-150 kDa), gel chitosan C (190-310 kDa), dan gel kontrol klorheksidin diglukonat 0,2% (CHX) masing-masing 6 sampel. Seluruh sampel diinkubasi dalam biakan Streptococcus mutans secara bertahap, 10 μl suspensi dari plak yang terbentuk pada sampel dibiakkan untuk memperoleh koloni pada biakan agar. Data dianalisis dengan uji one-way ANOVA dan Least Significant Difference (LSD). Hasil: Jumlah koloni bakteri Streptococcus mutans setelah aplikasi gel chitosan A, B, C, dan gel klorheksidin diglukonat 0,2% (CHX) didapatkan sebesar 10,05x10⁶ CFU/ml; 9,72x10⁶ CFU/ml; 10,96x10⁶ CFU/ml; dan 4,35x10⁶ CFU/ml sehingga tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna jumlah koloni bakteri Streptococcus mutans antara ketiga kelompok gel chitosan (p>0,05) dan terdapat perbedaan jumlah koloni bakteri Streptococcus mutans yang bermakna antara ketiga gel chitosan dengan gel kontrol (p<0,05). Simpulan: Efektivitas antibakteri gel chitosan dengan berat molekul berbeda terhadap jumlah koloni bakteri Streptococcus mutans pada permukaan email sekitar braket ortodonti adalah sama besar, namun lebih rendah daripada efektivitas antibakteri gel klorheksidin diglukonat 0,2% pada studi ini.

Kata kunci: berat molekul; braket ortodontik; kitosan; email; Streptococcus mutans

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Chitosan is a natural ingredient, antibacterial, and can be formed into a gel so that it has the potential as a prophylactic agent against Streptococcus mutans, the cause of enamel demineralization. White spot lesions are one of the risks of using fixed orthodontic appliances. Molecular weight is one factor that affects the antibacterial effectiveness of chitosan, but the relationship still gives inconsistent results. This study aimed to analyze the differences in the effectiveness of chitosan gels with different molecular weights on the number of Streptococcus mutans bacteria colonies on the enamel surface around orthodontic brackets. Methods: This study used an experimental laboratory method using 24 dental samples with brackets smeared with chitosan A gel (50-80 kDa), chitosan B gel (50-150 kDa), chitosan C gel (190-310 kDa), and chlorhexidine control gel. digluconate 0.2% (CHX) each of 6 samples. All samples were incubated in Streptococcus mutans culture in stages, 10 l suspension of the plaque formed on the samples was cultured to obtain colonies on agar cultures. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Least Significant Difference (LSD). Results: The number of Streptococcus mutans colonies after application of chitosan gel A, B, C, and 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) gel was 10.05x106 CFU/ml; 9.72x106 CFU/ml; 10.96x106 CFU/ml; and 4.35x106 CFU/ml, so that there was no significant difference in the number of Streptococcus mutans colonies between the three chitosan gel groups (p>0.05) and there was a significant difference in the number of Streptococcus mutans bacteria colonies between the three chitosan gels and the control gel (p<0.05). Conclusions: The antibacterial effectiveness of chitosan gel with different molecular weights on the number of Streptococcus mutans bacterial colonies on the enamel surface around orthodontic brackets was simi-lar but lower than the antibacterial effectiveness of 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate gel.

Keywords: molecular weight; orthodontic bracket; chitosan; enamel; Streptococcus mutans

Keywords

berat molekul; braket ortodontik; kitosan; email; Streptococcus mutans; molecular weight; orthodontic bracket; chitosan; enamel; Streptococcus mutans

Full Text:

PDF

References

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Dimberg L, Arnrup K, Bondemark L. The impact of malocclusion on the quality of life among children and adolescents: a systematic review of quantitative studies. Eur. 2015 Jun 1;37(3):238–47. DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cju046

Silva LFG e, Thomaz EBAF, Freitas HV, Pereira ALP, Ribeiro CCC, Alves CMC. Impact of malocclusion on the quality of life of Brazillian adolescence : a population-based study. PLoS One. 2016;11(9): e0162715. DOI: 10.1371/ journal.pone.0162715

Dutra SR, Pretti H, Martins MT, Bendo CB, Vale MP. Impact of malocclusion on the quality of life of children aged 8 to 10 years. Dental Press J Orthod. 2018 Mar-Apr;23(2):46-53. DOI:10.1590/2177-6709.23.2.046-053.oar

Liu BC, Lee I, Lo L, Ko EW. Investigate the oral health impact and quality of life on patients with malocclusion of different treatment needs. Biomedical J. 2019 Dec;42:422-29. DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2019.05.009

Heymann GC, Grauer D. A contemporary review of white spot lesions in orthodontics: white spot lesions in orthodontics. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2013 Apr;25(2):85–95. DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12013

Eltayeb MK, Ibrahim YE, Karim IAE, Sanhouri NM. Distribution of white spot lesions among orthodontic patients attending teaching institutes in Khartoum. BMC Oral Health. 2017 May;88.

Biria M, Jafary M. A review on preventive measures and treatment of white spot lesions in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. J Dent School. 2014 Aug;33(1):106–17. DOI:10.22037/jds.v33i1.24765

Restrepo M, Bussaneli DG, Jeremias F, Cordeiro R, Raveli D, Magalhães A, et al. Control of white spot lesions with use of fluoride varnish or chlorhexidine gel during orthodontic treatment a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2016 Oct;40(4):274–80.

Sajjan P, Laxminarayan N. Chlorhexidine as an antimicrobial agent in dentistry – a review. OHDM. 2016 Apr;15(02):93-100.

Azmana M, Mahmood S, Hilles AR, Rahman A, Arifin MAB, Ahmed S. A review on chitosan and chitosan-based bionanocomposites : promising material for combatting global issues and its applications. Int. J. Biol. 2021 Aug;185:832-48. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.023

Ardean C, Davidescu CM, Nemeş NS, Negrea A, Ciopec M, Duteanu N, Negrea P, Duda- Seiman D, Musta V. Factors influencing the antibacterial activity of chitosan and chitosan modified by functionalization. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Jul;22(14):7449. DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147449

Yilmaz Atay H, Jana S, Jana S. Antibacterial activity of chitosan-based systems. Functional Chitosan. 2020 Mar 6:457–89. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-0263-7_15

Priya K Y, Prathibha K M. Methods of collection of saliva - a

review. Int J Oral Health Dent. 2017 Sep;3(3):149–53. DOI: 10.18231/2395- 499X.2017.0032

Khamverdi Z, Farhadian F, Khazaei S, Adabi

M. Efficacy of chitosan-based chewing gum on reducing salivary S. mutans counts and salivary pH: A randomized clinical trial. Acta Odontol Scand. 2021 Nov;79(4):268-74. DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2020.1836392.

Ren Q, Li Z, Ding L, Wang X, Niu Y, Qin X, et al. Anti-biofilm and remineralization effects of chitosan hydrogel containing amelogenin-

derived peptide on initial caries lesions. Regenerative Biomaterials. 2018 Mar 1;5(2):69–76. DOI: 10.1093/rb/rby005

Rajabnia R, Ghasempour M, Gharekhani S, Gholamhoseinnia S, Soroorhomayoon S. Anti- Streptococcus mutans property of a chitosan: containing resin sealant. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2016 Jan-Feb;6(1):49-53. DOI: 10.4103/2231-0762.175405

Marcos Fernandez, Carlos von Plessing, Galo Cardenas. Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan Gels. J Chil Chem Soc. 2006;51:1022– 4. DOI: 10.4067/S0717-97072006000400005

Bretado-Aragón LA, Jiménez-Mejía R, López- Meza JE, Loeza-Lara PD. Composites of silver- chitosan nanoparticles a potential source for new antimicrobial therapies. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Farmaceuticas. 2018 Oct;47(4):7-25.

Ren Q, Ding L, Li Z, Wang X, Wang K, Han S, et al. Chitosan hydrogel containing amelogenin-derived peptide: Inhibition of cariogenic bacteria and promotion of remineralization of initial caries lesions. Arch. Oral Biol. 2019 Apr;100:42– 8. DOI: 10.1016/j. archoralbio.2019.02.004.

Barac R, Gasic J, Trutic N, Sunaric S, Popovic J, Djekic P, Radenkovic G, Mitic A. Erosive effect of different soft drinks on enamel surface in vitro : application of stylus profilometry. Med Princ Prac. 2015 Jun;24:451-57. DOI: 10.1159/000433435

Szymańska E, Winnicka K. Stability of Chitosan-A challenge for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Marine Drugs. 2015 Apr 1;13(4):1819-46. DOI: 10.3390/ md13041819

Cheung R, Ng T, Wong J, Chan W. Chitosan: An update on potential biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Marine Drugs. 2015 Aug 14;13(8):5156–86. DOI: 10.3390/ md13085156

Tachaboonyakiat W. Antimicrobial applications of chitosan. Chitosan Based Biomaterials. 2017(2):245–74.

Costa EM, Silva S, Tavaria FK, Pintado MM. Study of the effects of chitosan upon Streptococcus mutans adherence and biofilm formation. Anaerobe. 2013 Apr;20:27–31. DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.02.002

Anggani HS, Perdana RG, Siregar E, Bachtiar EW. The effect of coating chitosan on porphyromonas gingivalis biofilm formation in the surface of orthodontic mini-implant. J Adv Pharm Technol Res. Jan-Mar 2021;12(1): 84-

DOI: 10.4103/japtr.JAPTR_95_20

Abedian, Zeinab; Jenabian, Niloofar; Moghadamnia, Ali; Zabihi, Ebrahim; Tashakorian, Hamed; Rajabnia, Mahdi; Sadighian, Farahnaz; Bijani, Ali. Antibacterial activity of high-molecular-weight and low- molecular-weight chitosan upon oral pathogens. J Conserv Dent. 2019 Apr;22(2):169–74.

Kim JS, Shin D-H. Inhibitory Effect on streptococcus mutans and mechanical properties of the chitosan containing composite resin. Restor Dent Endod. 2013;38(1):36–42. 23.

Thongaroon K, Phonghanyudh A, Surarit R, Kraivaphan P, Niamsiri N. In-vitro antimicrobial activity of chitosan mouthwash against streptococcus mutans and lactobacillus casei. Walailak Procedia. 2019;113:27–8.

Samanth DSA, Varghese DSS. The most effective concentration of chlorhexidine as a mouthwash- systematic review. J Pharm Sci. 2017 Feb;9(2):233-36.

De Luca MP, Franca JR, Macedo FAFF, Grenho L, Cortes ME, Faraco AAG, et al. Propolis varnish: antimicrobial properties against cariogenic bacteria, cytotoxicity, and sustained-release profile. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2014;1-6. DOI: 10.1155/2014/348647

Uraz A, Boynueğri D, Özcan G, Karaduman B, Uç D, Şenel S, et al. Two percent chitosan mouthwash: A microbiological and clinical comparative study. J Dent Scie. 2012 Dec;7(4):342–9. DOI: 10.1016/j. jds.2012.05.003

Mhaske SP, Iska D, Ambiti R, Jagga U, Paul U, M Shanmukappa S. Clinicomicrobiological evaluation of 2% chitosan mouthwashes on dental plaque. J Contempor Dent Prac. 2018;19(1):94–7. DOI: 10.5005/jp- journals-10024-2218

Hasriati E, Anggani HS, Purbiati M, Bachtiar EW. Antibacterial effect of 0.2% chlorhexidine and 1% chitosan mouthwash on bacteria during orthodontic miniscrew use. Int J App Pharm. 2020 Jul 20;8–12. DOI: 10.22159/ijap.2020. v12s2.OP-07

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24198/jkg.v33i3.32598