RISIKO KESEHATAN MENTAL PADA PASIEN CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 (COVID-19) DI MASYARAKAT: LITERATURE REVIEW
Abstrak
Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (PBB), khususnya ahli kesehatan, telah mengisyaratkan bahwa adanya krisis kesehatan jiwa akibat pandemi Covid-19 yang berdampak secara mental. Direktur Kementerian Kesehatan Mental serta Pengguna NAPZA World Health Organization melaporkan permasalahan psikologis akibat pandemi Covid-19 mencapai 80%. Secara umum, terdapat empat faktor yang dapat memicu terjadinya permasalahan kesehatan mental akibat pandemi Covid-19, di antaranya faktor jarak dan isolasi, resesi ekonomi akibat Covid-19, stres dan trauma pada tenaga kesehatan, serta adanya stigma dan diskriminasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji risiko kesehatan mental pada pasien Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) di masyarakat. Penelitian ini menggunakan literature review dengan tujuh database dalam pencarian literatur, yaitu Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, ScienceOpen, SAGE, ResearchGate, dan Elsevier yang menghasilkan 26 artikel dan jurnal yang memenuhi critical appraisal checklist. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa gangguan stres pasca-trauma, depresi, gejala kecemasan, insomnia, stres, dan gejala obsesif kompulsif umum terjadi pada eks/pasien Covid-19. Berdasarkan faktor sosiodemografi, yang mempunyai risiko gangguan kesehatan mental yang lebih tinggi adalah wanita, usia yang lebih muda, pendidikan yang rendah, sudah menikah, serta pendapatan rendah. Ditinjau dari faktor pemungkin (enabling factors), penerimaan masyarakat dapat mempengaruhi eks/pasien Covid-19 dalam menjalankan fungsi sosialnya kembali di masyarakat. Kemudian berdasarkan faktor pendorong, dukungan sosial yang tinggi akan mengurangi tingkat gejala gangguan kesehatan mental. Sementara itu, stigma dan diskriminasi yang diterima di antara pasien akan memperburuk dampak emosional
Kata Kunci
Teks Lengkap:
PDFReferensi
Abudi, R., Mokodampis Y. & Magulili A. N. 2020. Stigma terhadap Orang Positif COVID-19. Jambura Journal, 2(2):77-84.[Serial Online]. http://ejurnal.ung.ac.id/index.php/jjhsr/article/view/6012/2202. [2 Maret 2021]
Agustin, S. 2021. Alodokter. [Online]
Available at: https://www.alodokter.com/mengenal-badai-sitokin-pada-penderita-covid-19
[Accessed 16 Oktober 2021]
Alamri, H., S. Mousa. W. & Algarni A. 2021. Mental Health of COVID-19 Patients—A Cross-Sectional Survey in Saudi Arabia. International Journal Of Environmental Research and Public Health, 1, 1-11. [Serial Online]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33946978/. [16 September 2020]
Almira, T. 2020. Depresi dan Kecemasan pada Penderita Corona Virus Disease 2019. Jurnal Penelitian Perawat Profesional, 2(3): 355-360. [Serial Online]. http://jurnal.globalhealthsciencegroup.com/index.php/JPPP/article/view/152. [9 Oktober 2020]
Apriani, V., Utamidewi W. & Nurkinan. 2021. Konstruksi Realitas Sosial dan Makna Diri Penyintas Covid-19 di Jakarta. Wacana: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Komunikasi. 20(1):81-96 .
Asrie, M. 2020. Bonus Demografi, Peluang atau Tantangan Menuju Indonesia Emas 2045. [Serial Online]. https://www.bkkbn.go.id/detailpost/bonus-demografi-peluang-atau-tantangan-menuju-indonesia-emas-2045. [16 November 2021]
Astuti, D., 2021. 2021. Titian: Jurnal Ilmu Humaniora, 5(1): 132-147. [Serial Online]. https://online-journal.unja.ac.id/index.php/titian. [29 Desember 2021]
Azizah, A., Taftazani B. M., & Humaedi S. 2020. Upaya Peningkatan Keberfungsian Sosial terhadap Eks Pasien COVID-19. Prosiding Penelitian & Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat. 7(2):371-376.
Azkur, A. K., Akdis M. & Azkur D. 2020. Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and mechanisms of immunopathological changes in COVID-19. 75(7): 1564-1581. [Serial Online]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32396996/). [9 Oktober 2020]
Banks, J., Karjalainen H. & Propper C. 2020. Recessions and health: The Long-Term Health Consequences of Responses to Coronavirus. s.l., The Institute for Fiscal Studies: 1-8. [Serial Online]. https://www.ifs.org.uk/uploads/BN281-Recessions-and-health-The-long-term-health-consequences-of-responses-to-COVID-19-FINAL.pdf. [9 Oktober 2020].
Bao, Y. et al. 2020. 2019-Ncov Epidemic: Address Mentalhealth Care to Empower Society. Lancet, 22 (395):37-38. [Serial Online]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7133594/pdf/main.pdf. [14 Januari 2021].
Brooks, S. K. et al. 2020. The Psychological Impact of Quarantine and How to Reduce It: Rapid Review of The Evidence. Lancet, 395:912–20. [Serial Online]. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30460-8/fulltext. [14 Januari 2021].
Cheng, S. K., Wong C. W., Tsang J. & Tsang K. C. 2004. Psychological Distress and Negative Appraisals in Survivors of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). Pyschological Medicine, 34(7): 1187-1195. [Serial Online]. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291704002272). [20 Oktober 2020].
Chen, W., Ju Y. & Liu B. 2021. Negative Appraisals of The COVID-19 Social Impact Associated with The Improvement of Depression and Anxiety in Patients After COVID-19 Recovery. Frontiers In Psychiatry, 12:1-8. [Serial Online]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33935820/. [20 Oktober 2020].
Chua, S., Cheung V. G. & Cheung C. 2004. Stress and Psychological Impact on SARS Patients during the Outbreak. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 39 (6): 385-390. [Serial Online]. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/070674370404900607. [10 Oktober 2020].
Dai, W., Chen L. & Tan H. 2016. Association between Social Support and Recovery from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder After Flood: A 13–14 Year Follow-Up Study in Hunan, China. BMC Public Health, 16(198): 1-9. [Serial Online]. https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12889-016-2871-x.pdf). [21 Oktober 2020].
Dantzer, R. 2018. Neuroimmune Interactions: From the Brain to the Immune System and Vice Versa. American Physiological Society: 477-504. [Serial Online]. https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/physrev.00039.2016. [10 Oktober 2020].
Deak, M., Cizza & Sternbreg. 2005. Brain-immune Interactions and Disease Susceptibility. Molecular Psychiatry , 10: 239–250. [Serial Online]. https://www.nature.com/articles/4001643). [10 Oktober 2020].
Departemen Advokasi dan Kajian Strategis. 2020. BEM KM FKG UGM. [Serial Online]. https://bem.fkg.ugm.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/sites/534/2021/01/KAJIAN-PANDEMI-DAN-MENTAL-HEALTH.pdf
Februari 2021].
Gu, Y. et al. 2020. Factors Associated with Mental Health Outcomes among Patients with COVID-19 Treated in the Fangcang Shelter Hospital in China. Wiley:1-10. [Serial Online]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33135397/. [8 Maret 2021].
Guo, Q., Zhenga Y., Shib J. & Wanga, J. 2020. Immediate Psychological Distress in Quarantined Patients with COVID-19 and its Association with Peripheral Inflammation: A Mixed-Method Study. Elsevier:17-27. [Serial Online]. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889159120306188. [8 Maret 2021].
Hairina, Y. I. & Saniah S. 2020. Makna Kebahagiaan pada Pasien Covid-19 yang Tinggal di Pusat Karantina. Malang, Konseling Qur’ani:288-299. [Serial Online]. http://conference.um.ac.id/index.php/psi/article/view/41. [15 Agustus 2021].
Haryanti, D. Y. P. 2020. Insomnia selama Pandemi COVID-19. Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan Sandi Husada, 5 (2): 1111-1116. [Serial Online]. Available at https://akper-sandikarsa.e-journal.id/JIKSH/article/download/483/347/. [12 Oktober 2021]
Holland, K. 2019. Healthline. [Serial Online].
Available at: https://www.healthline.com/health/mood-swings-in-women
Oktober 2021]
Hu, Y. et al. 2020. Factors Related to Mental Health of Inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Elsevier, 89:587-593. [Serial Online]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7362867/. [21 Oktober 2020].
Irwanti, Erwin & Nauli F. A. 2021. Gambaran Tingkat Kecemasan Tenaga Kesehatan dalam Menangani Pasien pada Saat Pandemi Covid-19. JOM FKp, 8 (1): 19-26. [Serial Online]. (https://jom.unri.ac.id/index.php/JOMPSIK/article/viewFile/29987/28891). [20 Oktober 2021].
Jaggar, M. et al. 2020. You’ve Got Male: Sex and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis Across the Lifespan. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 56: 8-15. [Serial Online]. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0091302218301298. [9 Oktober 2021].
Kandeger, A. et al. 2020. Evaluation of the Relationship between Perceived Social Support, Coping Strategies, Anxiety, and Depression Symptoms among Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients. The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 0 (0): 1-15. [Serial Online]. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0091217420982085. [5 April 2021].
Kang, E. K. et al. 2021. The Psychological Burden of COVID-19 Stigma: Evaluation of the Mental Health of Isolated Mild Condition COVID-19 Patients. J Korea Med Sci, 36 (3):1-13. [Serial Online].
Kurniawan, Y. & Sulistyarini I. 2016. Komunitas SEHATI (Sehat Jiwa dan Hati) Sebagai Intervensi Kesehatan Mental Berbasis Masyarakat. INSAN Jurnal Psikologi dan Kesehatan Mental, 1(2):112-124. [Serial Online]. https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JPKM/article/view/2999. [19 November 2020].
Kurniawan, Y. & Susi, M. N. I. B., 2021. Bangkit Pascainfeksi: Dinamika Resiliensi pada Penyintas Covid19. Philanthropy Journal of Psychology. 5(1):131-156.
Kurniawan, Y. & Susilo M. N. I. B. 2021. Bangkit Pascainfeksi: Dinamika Resiliensi pada Penyintas Covid-19. Philanthropy Journal of Psychology, 5(1): 131-156. [Serial Online]. https://journals.usm.ac.id/index.php/philanthropy/article/download/3326/2103). [16 November 2021].
Lam, M. H.-B., Wing Y. K. & Leung C. M. 2009. Mental Morbidities And Chronic Fatigue In Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Survivors: Long-Term Follow-Up. JAMA Internal Medicine, 169(22):2142-2147. [Serial Online]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20008700/. [19 Oktober 2021].
Liu, D., Baumeister R. F. & Veilleux J. C. 2020. Risk Factors Associated With Mental Illness In Hospital Discharged Patients Infected With COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Psychiatry Research, 292:1-7. [Serial Online]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32707218/. [5 September 2020].
Li, X., Cai Q. & Jia Z. 2021. The Correlations Between Mental Health Ststus, Sleep Quality, And Inflammatory Markers, Virus Negative Conversion Time Among Patients Confirmed With 2019-Ncov During The COVID-19 Outvreak in China. Medicine, 100 (27):1-8. [Serial Online]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32707218/. [19 September 2020]
Ma, Y. F., Li W. & Deng H. B. 2020. Prevalence Of Depression And Its Association With Quality Of Life In Clinically Stable Patients With COVID-19. Journal Pre-proof:1-14. [Serial Online]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33500389/. [11 Oktober 2020]
Mak, W. W. S., Law R. W. & Woo J. 2009. Social Support And Psychological Adjustment To SARS: The Mediating Role Of Self-Care Self-Efficacy. Psychol Health, 24(2): 161-174. [Serial Online].https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20186649/). [20 Oktober 2021].
Mazzaa, M. G. et al. 2020. Anxiety and Depression in COVID-19 Survivors: Role Of Inflammatory and Clinical Predictors. Elsevier, 89:594-600. [Serial Online]. https://moh-it.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/anxiety-and-depression-in-covid-19-survivors-role-of-inflammatory. [20 April 2021].
Muslih, 2020. Urgensi komunikasi dalam menumbuhkan motivasi di era pandemi COVID-19. Jurnal Penelitian Manajemen Terapan (Penataran). 5(1):57–65. [Serial Online]. https://journal.stieken.ac.id/index.php/pena taran/article/view/463. [27 Desember 2021]
Novita, S. & Elon Y. 2021. Stigma Masyarakat terhadap Penderita Covid-19. Jurnal Kesehatan, 12(1): 25-33. [Serial Online]. https://ejurnal.poltekkes-tjk.ac.id/index.php/JK/article/view/2451). [21 Oktober 2021].
Nurjanah, S. 2020. Gangguan Mental Emosional pada Klien Pandemi COVID-19 di Rumah Karantina. Jurnal Ilmu Keperawatan Jiwa, 3(3): 329 - 334. [Serial Online]. https://journal.ppnijateng.org/index.php/jikj/article/view/628. [14 November 2020].
Oktoji, T. P. & Indrijati H. 2021. Hubungan Strategi Koping dan Kesejahteraan Psikologis pada Remaja yang Mengalami Kekerasan dalam Rumah Tangga. Buletin Riset Psikologi dan Kesehatan Mental, 1(1): 560-568. [Serial Online]. https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/BRPKM/article/view/26725/pdf. [21 Oktober 2021].
Paulus, D., Gallagher M., Bartlett B. & Tran J. 2018. The Unique and Interactive Effects of Anxiety Sensitivity and Emotion Dysregulation in Relation to Posttraumatic Stress, Depressive, and Anxiety Symptoms among Trauma-Exposed Firefighters. In: Texas, United States.: University of Houston, Department of Psychology. [Serial Online]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29694933/. [19 Oktober 2021].
PDSKJI, 2020. Masalah Psikologis di Era Covid-19. [Serial Online]. http://pdskji.org/home. [17 October 2020].
Qi, M. et al. 2020. Since January 2020 Elsevier Has Created a COVID-19 Resource Centre with Free Information in English and Mandarin on the Novel Coronavirus COVID- 19 . The COVID-19 Resource Centre Is Hosted on Elsevier Connect , the Company ’ s Public News and Information.
Qi, R., Chen W. & Liu S. 2020. Psychological Morbidities And Fatigue In Patients With Confirmed COVID-19 During Disease Outbreak: Prevalence And Associated Biopsychosocial Risk Factors (Short Title: Psychological Morbidities And Fatigue In COVID-19 Patients). Medrxiv Preprint: 1-21. [Serial Online]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7273270/. [7 Maret 2021].
Rahmayani & Hanum F. 2018. Analisis Dukungan Sosial Keluarga Terhadap Pencegahan Kekambuhan Gangguan Jiwa Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Sukajaya. SEL Jurnal Penelitian Kesehatan, 5(2): 80-92. [Serial Online]. https://ejournal2.litbang.kemkes.go.id/index.php/sel/article/download/1493/781. [20 Oktober 2021].
Rahmatina, Z. et al. 2021. Social Support for Families Tested Positive for Covid-19: Dukungan Sosial Pada Keluarga yang Divonis Positif Covid-19. Proceding of Inter-Islamic University Conference on Psychology Articles. 1(1): 1-8.
Rohmah, N. N. 2020. Media Sosial Sebagai Media Alternatif Manfaat dan Pemuas Kebutuhan Informasi Masa Pandemik Global Covid-19 (Kajian Analisis Teori Uses And Gratification). Jurnal Komunikasi dan Penyiaran Islam, 4(1): 1-16. [Serial Online]. https://journal.ummat.ac.id/index.php/jail/article/download/2957/1905. [20 Obtober 2021].
Rozali, Y. A., Sitasari N. W. & Lenggogeni A. 2021. Meningkatkan Kesehatan Mental Di Masa Pandemic. Jurnal Abdimas, 7(2): 109-113. [Serial Online]. https://ejurnal.esaunggul.ac.id/index.php/ABD/article/view/3958. [5 Februari 2021].
Safitri, A. M., Noviekayati & Santi D. E. 2020. hubungan locus of control internal dan dukungan sosial dengan resiliensi survivor COVID-19. Fakultas Psikologi, Universitas 17 Agustus 1945, Surabaya.
Setyawan, E. A. et al. 2020. Pengembangan Sistem Informasi PERISAI (Pelaporan Mandiri saat Isolasi) untuk Orang Dalam Pemantauan Covid-19. Jurnal Sistem Cerdas, 3(2): 95-111. [Serial Online]. https://apic.id/jurnal/index.php/jsc/article/view/62. [22 Oktober 2020].
Shaban, R. Z., Nahidi S. & Sotomayor C. 2020. SARS-CoV-2 Infection And COVID-19: The Live Experience And Perceptions Of Patients In Isolation And Care In An Australian Healthcare Setter. American Journal of Infection Control, Volume 48, pp. 1445-1450. [Serial Online]. [5 Oktober 2021].
Shi, L., AnLu Z. & Yu Que J. 2020. Prevalence of and Risk Factors Associated With Mental Health Symptoms Among the General Population in China During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic. Jama Network, Volume 3 (7): 1-16. [Serial Online]. [5 Oktober 2021].
Siporin. 1975. Introduction to Social Work Practice. Issue https://archive.org/details/introduc tiontoso0000sipo/page/16/mode/2up/sea rch/social+functioning .
Sun, N., Wei L. & Wang H. 2021. Qualitative study of the psychological experience of COVID-19 patients during hospitalizatio. Journal of Affective Disorders, 279:15-22. [Serial Online]. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343838452_Qualitative_Study_of_the_Psychological_Experience_of_COVID-19_Patients_during_Hospitalization. [17 Desember 2020].
Suwetty, A. M. 2020. Faktor yang Berhubungan Dengan Gangguan Mental Emotional Masyarakat di Masa Pandemic COVID-19. Jurnal Penelitian Kesehatan Suara Forikes, 11:135-140. [Serial Online]. http://forikes-ejournal.com/index.php/SF/article/view/sf11nk424/11nk424. [17 Oktober 2021].
Takanoa, K., Grieken J. V. & Raes F. 2019. Difficulty In Updating Positive Beliefs About Negative Cognition Is Associated With Increased Depressed Mood. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 64: 22-30. [Serial Online]. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0005791617302926?via%3Dihub#!. [19 Oktober 2021].
Tarehy, M. G. K., Nusawakan A. W. & Soegijono S. P. 2019. Kesehatan Mental dan Strategi Koping Dalam Perspektif Budaya: Sebuah Studi Sosiodemografi di Ambon. Jurnal Keperawatan Muhammadiyah, 4(1): 26-34. [Serial Online]. http://journal.um-surabaya.ac.id/index.php/JKM/article/view/1941/0. [19 Oktober 2021].
Turner, A., Smyth N., Hall S. & Torres S. 2020. Psychological Stress Reactivity And Future Health And Disease Outcomes: A Systematic Review Of Prospective Evidence. Psychoneuroendocrinology, Volume 114. [Serial Online].https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306453020300184. [15
Vahia, I. et al. 2020. COVID-19, Mental Health and Aging: A Need for New Knowledge to Bridge Science and Service. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry,28:695-697. [Serial Online]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7142692/. [5 Februari 2021].
Vibriyanti, D. 2020. Kesehatan Mental Masyarakat: Mengelola Kecemasan Di Tengah Pandemi COVID-19. Jurnal Kependudukan Indonesia, 69-74. [Serial Online]. https://ejurnal.kependudukan.lipi.go.id/index.php/jki/article/view/550. [17 November 2020].
Wahyudi & Mulyono, S. R., 2020. Tanggap Covid-19 Untuk Meningkatkan Kesehatan Masyarakat Desa Kliwonan, Grabag, Magelang. Prosiding PKM-CSR, 3:293-298. [Serial Online]. https://prosiding-pkmcsr.org/index.php/pkmcsr/article/view/757. [29 Desember 2021].
Wang, C., Pan R. & Wan X. 2020. A Longitudinal Study On The Mental Health Of General Population During The COVID-19 Epidemic in China. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87: 40-48. [Serial Online]. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0889159120305110?via%3Dihub#!. [5 Oktober 2021].
Wang, Y., Xu B. & Zhao G. 2011. Is Quarantine Related To Immediate Negative Psychological Consequences During The 2009 H1N1 Epidemic?. General Hospital Psychiatry, 33(1): 75-77. [Serial Online]. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0163834310002070?via%3Dihub#!. [19 Oktober 2021].
Wang, Y. et al. 2020. Association of insomnia disorder with sociodemographic factors and poor mental health in COVID-19 inpatients in China. Pre-proof. [Serial Online]. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342148007_Association_of_insomnia_disorder_with_sociodemographic_factors_and_poor_mental_health_in_COVID-19_inpatients_in_China. [28 Oktober 2020].
Wati, R. L. & Hadi, E. N., 2021. Stigma Masyarakat Terhadap Penyintas Covid-19 di Kecamatan Duren Sawit, Jakarta Timur. PREPOTIF Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat. 5(2): 1143-1151.
Wijaya, P. C. M. S. & Ananda D. 2021. Hak Untuk Bebas Dari Stigmatisasi Dan Diskriminasi Terhadap Para Pasien, Pdp,Odp Dan Tenaga Kesehatan Di Masa Pandemi Covid-19 Dalam Perspektif Hukum Dan Ham. Jurnal Media Komunikasi, 3(1): 22-36. [Serial Online] https://ejournal2.undiksha.ac.id/index.php/JMPPPKn/article/download/399/269/. [21 Oktober 2021].
Winurini, S. 2020. Permasalahan Kesehatan Mental Akibat Pandemi COVID-19. Puslit BKD, 12(5): 13-18. [Serial Online]. https://berkas.dpr.go.id/puslit/files/info_singkat/Info%20Singkat-XII-15-I-P3DI-Agustus-2020-217.pdf. [10 Oktober 2020].
Wu, K. K., Chan S. K. & Ma T. M. 2005. Posttraumatic Stress after SARS. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(8): 1297-1300. [Serial Online]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3320475/pdf/04-1083.pdf. [19 Oktober 2021].
Wu, K. K., Chan S. K. & Ma T. M. 2005. Posttraumatic Stress, Anxiety, And Depression In Survivors Of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18 (01): 39-42. [Serial Online]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16281194/. [19 Oktober 2021].
Yudanagara, B. B. H. 2020. Dampak Psikososial Diskriminasi Pada Mantan Penderita Kusta. Jurnal Psikologi : Media Ilmiah Psikologi, 18(1): 1-8. [Serial Online]. https://jpsikologi.esaunggul.ac.id/index.php/JPSI/article/download/68/53. [5 Oktober 2021].
Zitting, K. M., Münch M. Y. & Cain S. W. 2018. Young Adults Are More Vulnerable To Chronic Sleep Deficiency And Recurrent Circadian Disruption Than Older Adults. Scientific Report, 8(1):1-14. [Serial Online]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30038272/. [10 Oktober 2021].
Zulkarnain & Fatimah S. 2019. Kesehatan dan Mental dan Kebahagiaan: Tinjauan Psikologi Islam. Dakwah dan Pengembangan Sosial Kemanusiaa, 10(1):18-38. [Serial Online]. https://jurnal.lp2msasbabel.ac.id/index.php/maw/article/view/715. [17 November 2020].
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24198/jpsp.v6i3.37928
Refbacks
- Saat ini tidak ada refbacks.
##submission.copyrightStatement##
##submission.license.cc.by-sa4.footer##
Jurnal ini terideks di:
