Melindungi Nadi Bangsa: Upaya Indonesia dalam Mencapai Keamanan Maritim dan Keberlanjutan pada Tataran Global

Raihan Alfi, Abel Josafat Manullang

Abstrak


Sebagai negara kepulauan, laut mempunyai peranan penting dalam kepentingan nasional Indonesia. Sistem internasional yang dinamis dan terus mengglobal mendorong Indonesia untuk mempertimbangkan berbagai persoalan seputar kelautannya. Dengan menggunakan data primer dan sekunder melalui metode penelitian kualitatif, artikel ini membahas tiga topik pembahasan. Pertama, posisi domain maritim dalam kepentingan nasional Indonesia. Dalam hal ini, Indonesia sangat mementingkan hal tersebut karena laut tidak hanya bagian penting dari negara, namun juga memberikan banyak peluang strategis bagi Indonesia. Mengingat pentingnya domain maritim, disajikan juga identifikasi ancaman terhadap keamanan maritim Indonesia. Dalam sistem internasional yang sedang mengglobal, ancaman tidak hanya datang dari sumber-sumber tradisional, namun sumber-sumber non-tradisional yang semakin menonjol seperti ancaman kejahatan transnasional serta kekhawatiran terhadap pemanfaatan laut yang berkelanjutan. Terakhir, dalam mengatasi ancaman yang muncul, Indonesia melakukan berbagai upaya domestik dan multilateral. Mulai dari mengembangkan pandangan sendiri terhadap kelautan, bergabung dengan kerangka multilateral di panggung internasional hingga mematuhi rezim internasional yang relevan seperti Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan (khususnya SDG 14).

Kata Kunci


Indonesia; Maritime Outlook; Keamanan

Teks Lengkap:

PDF

Referensi


Ahmad, M. (2020). Highlights From Indonesia’s SDG-14 Roadmap. https://kkp.go.id/an-component/media/upload-gambar-pendukung/DitJaskel/publikasi-materi-2/CSEAS/Mubariq Ahmad_Conservation Stategy Fund Indonesia.pdf

Aini, N. N. (2021). Dampak Sampah Plastik Terhadap Ekosistem Laut : Manusia Jangan Rusak Kami. TKN PSL. https://sampahlaut.id/2021/08/02/dampak-sampah-plastik-terhadap-ekosistem-laut-manusia-jangan-rusak-kami/

Ali, I. M., Yudo, L., & Sianturi, D. (2021). Sea Defense Strategy in Facing Maritime Security Threat in Indonesia’S Sea. Jurnal Prodi Strategi Pertahanan Laut, 6(2), 169–188. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33172/spl.v6i2.636

Aminah, A. N. (2013). Kapal Vietnam Tertangkap Bawa Bahan Peledak di Raja Ampat. https://news.republika.co.id/berita/modvpn/kapal-vietnam-tertangkap-bawa-bahan-peledak-di-raja-ampat

Anwar, S. (2018). Membangun Keamanan Maritim Indonesia Dalam Analisa Kepentingan, Ancaman, Dan Kekuatan Laut. Jurnal Pertahanan & Bela Negara, 6(3), 69–90. https://doi.org/10.33172/jpbh.v6i3.315

Aqil, I. (2022). Overfishing looms as Indonesia struggles to meet fisheries target: Study. The Jakarta Post. https://www.thejakartapost.com/indonesia/2022/12/23/overfishing-looms-as-indonesia-struggles-to-meet-fisheries-target-study.html

ASEAN Secretariat. (2015). ASEAN Convention Against Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children. https://asean.org/asean-convention-against-trafficking-in-persons-especially-women-and-children/

Aufiya, M. A. (2017). Indonesia’s Global Maritime Fulcrum: Contribution in the Indo-Pacific Region. Andalas Journal of International Studies, 6(2), 143–159. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.25077/ajis.6.2.143-158.2017

Bateman, S. (2011). Solving the “Wicked Problems” of Maritime Security: Are Regional Forums up to the Task? Contemporary Southeast Asia, 33(1), 1–28. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41288813

Booth, K. (2014). Law, Force and Diplomacy at Sea (Routledge Revivals) (Reprint). Routledge.

BRIN. (2020). LIPI, Global Maritime Fulcrum dalam Konteks Indonesia Sebagai Negara Maritim. https://ipsh.brin.go.id/2020/03/16/lipi-global-maritime-fulcrum-dalam-konteks-indonesia-sebagai-negara-maritim/

Bueger, C. (2015). What is maritime security? Marine Policy, 53(February), 159–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2014.12.005

Buzan, B., Waever, O., & Wilde, J. de. (1998). Security: A New Framework for Analysis. Lynne Riener Publishers. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=j4BGr-Elsp8C&pg=PP7&hl=id&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false

Chan, E. S. Y. (2021). China’s Maritime Security Strategy. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003158523

Chauhan, K. S. (2023). ASEAN Leaders Tackle Human Trafficking at Latest Summit. https://thediplomat.com/2023/05/asean-leaders-tackle-human-trafficking-at-latest-summit/

CNN Indonesia. (2020). Polisi Tangkap 4 Perompak di Laut Jakarta. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20200720191402-12-526845/polisi-tangkap-4-perompak-di-laut-jakarta

Darmawan, R. K. (2022). Perompak Bersenjata Tajam Bajak Kapal Tanker di Perairan Sultra, Ancam Nakhoda dan Ikat ABK. https://regional.kompas.com/read/2022/01/10/140440578/perompak-bersenjata-tajam-bajak-kapal-tanker-di-perairan-sultra-ancam?page=all

Darusman, Y. M. (2018). Pengaruh Konvensi Hukum Laut Internasional Tahun 1982 Terhadap Wilayah Laut Indonesia. Jurnal Cita Hukum, 6(2), 343–360. https://doi.org/10.15408/jch.v6i2.8687

DFAT Australia. (2017). Promoting regional cooperation for a peaceful, stable and prosperous Indian Ocean. https://www.dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/Pages/iora-jakarta-concord

Fajar, J. (2021). Merawat Wilayah Laut Nusantara dengan Sains dan Kearifan Lokal. https://www.mongabay.co.id/2021/01/21/merawat-wilayah-laut-nusantara-dengan-sains-dan-kearifan-lokal/

Feldt, L., Roell, P., & Thiele, R. D. (2013). Maritime Security-Perspectives for a Comprehensive Approach Maritime Security-Perspectives for a Comprehensive Approach. ISPSW Strategy Series: Focus on Defense and International Security, 2(74), 51–68. http://www.ispsw.de

Grove, E. (2021). The Future of Sea Power. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003149385

Hawkes, K. G. (1989). Maritime Security: Vol. 1 Ed. Cornell Maritime Press. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=pW8TAAAAYAAJ&source=gbs_book_other_versions

IISD. (2021). Government Support for Marine Fisheries in Indonesia Should Be Assessed to Minimize the Risk of Overcapacity and Overfishing—New Report. https://www.iisd.org/gsi/news-events/government-support-marine-fisheries-indonesia-should-be-assessed-minimize-risk

IORA. (2017). About IORA. https://www.iora.int/en/about/about-iora

KBRI Kazakhstan. (n.d.). Geografi. Retrieved June 19, 2023, from https://kemlu.go.id/nur-sultan/id/pages/geografi/41/etc-menu

Kemlu RI. (2023). Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA). Kerja Sama Regional. https://kemlu.go.id/portal/id/read/167/halaman_list_lainnya/indian-ocean-rim-association#

Khairunnisa, F. (2022). Blue Economic Concept on Protecting Marine Ecosystem in Indonesia and China. The Lawpreneurship Journal, 2(1), 43–60. https://doi.org/10.21632/tlj.2.1.43-60

Kibtiah, T. M., & Yustikaningrum, R. V. (2018). ISIS Defeat In The Middle East: It’s Impact On The Increase Of ISIS Power In The Southeast Asia (Case Study: The Increasing Number Of ISIS Member In Indonesia). Journal of Strategic and Global Studies, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.7454/jsgs.v1i2.1009

Klein, N. (2011). Maritime Security and the Law of the Sea. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199566532.001.0001

Kurniawan, D. (2023). Indonesian Maritime Economy Reaches IDR 18,000 Trillion Per Year. VOI. https://voi.id/en/economy/259128

Lasabuda, R. (2013). Pembangunan Wilayah Pesisir Dan Lautan Dalam Perspektif Negara Kepulauan Republik Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmiah Platax, 1(2), 92. https://doi.org/10.35800/jip.1.2.2013.1251

Laut Sehat. (2021). 4 Kasus Tumpahan Minyak di Perairan Indonesia. https://lautsehat.id/peristiwa/lautsehat/4-kasus-tumpahan-minyak-di-perairan-indonesia

Leorocha, F., Widodo, P., Sukendro, A., Saragih, H. J. R., & Suwarno, P. (2023). Comparative Study on Maritime Security Theory of Mahan Alfred Thayer and Geoffrey Till on the Strategic and Practical Implications of Constructing a Sea Defense. International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies, 38(1), 456–464. https://doi.org/10.52155/ijpsat.v38.1.5249

Liss, C. (2022). Maritime Security: Problems and Prospects for National Security Policymakers. In A. and S. M. and L. T. Clarke Michael and Henschke (Ed.), The Palgrave Handbook of National Security (pp. 329–349). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53494-3_14

Łukaszuk, T. (2018). The Concept of Maritime Governance in International Relations. Stosunki Międzynarodowe – International Relations, 54(4), 123–144. https://doi.org/10.7366/020909614201807

Maharani, T. (2021). Bakamla Inisiasi ASEAN Cost Guard Forum, Gelar Pertemuan Perdana Februari 2022. https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2021/12/22/18413941/bakamla-inisiasi-asean-cost-guard-forum-gelar-pertemuan-perdana-februari

Malik, A. (2022). IUU Fishing as an Evolving Threat to Southeast Asia’s Maritime Security. Evolving Threats to Southeast Asia’s Maritime Security. https://amti.csis.org/iuu-fishing-as-an-evolving-threat-to-southeast-asias-maritime-security/

Masita, S. (2019). Penegakan Hukum Terhadap Tindak Pidana Penangkapan Ikan secara Ilegal (Illegal Fishing) di Perairan Arafuru. Pascaunhas.Ac.Id, 13, 1–15. http://pasca.unhas.ac.id/jurnal/files/3d820644ecf4698c467865141a42bcdc.pdf

McNicholas, M. (2008). Maritime Security: An Introduction (Elsevier, Ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=4ZIzff8gzi8C&printsec=copyright#v=onepage&q&f=false

MINDEF Singapore. (2015). Fact Sheet: The Malacca Straits Patrol. https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2016/april/2016apr21-news-releases-00134/

Mordhorst, K. (2021). In Indonesia, Illegal Fishing Hurts More Than Just Fish. https://www.usglc.org/blog/in-indonesia-illegal-fishing-hurts-more-than-just-fish/

Muhammad Ridha Iswardhana, Adi Wibawa, H. C. C. (2020). Strategi Keamanan Laut Pemerintah Indonesia untuk Menjaga Keamanan Maritim. Nusantara: Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial, 7(2), 408–420. https://doi.org/10.31604/jips.v8i5.2021.1406-1428

Octavian, A. (2019). Indonesian Navy, Global Maritime Fulcrum and ASEAN. Seskoal Press.

Pebrianto, F. (2020). INSA: Jumlah Kapal di Indonesia Naik Dua Kali Lipat dalam 5 Tahun. https://bisnis.tempo.co/read/1378900/insa-jumlah-kapal-di-indonesia-naik-dua-kali-lipat-dalam-5-tahun#

Puryono, S. (2016). Mengelola Laut untuk Kesejahteraan Rakyat. PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Puspen TNI. (2022). Bakamla RI Launching Indeks Keamanan Laut Indonesia. https://tni.mil.id/view-223827-bakamla-ri-launching-indeks-keamanan-laut-indonesia.html

Rahman, C. (2009). Concepts of Maritime Security: A Strategic Perspective on Alternative Visions for Good Order and Security at Sea, with Policy Implications for New Zealand. https://ro.uow.edu.au/lawpapers/85/

Renaldi, A. (2021). Human Trafficking Still a Problem and Indonesia Made Little Progress. https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/human-trafficking-still-problem-and-indonesia-made-little-progress

Rochwulaningsih, Y., Sulistiyono, S. T., Masruroh, N. N., & Maulany, N. N. (2019). Marine policy basis of Indonesia as a maritime state: The importance of integrated economy. Marine Policy, 108(June), 103602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2019.103602

Rustam, I., Bustami, S. Y., & Sabilla, K. R. (2022). The Effectiveness of Indomalphi Trilateral Cooperation in Reducing Maritime Piracy by Abu Sayyaf Group in the Sulu-Sulawesi Sea. Papua Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, 2(2), 163–183. https://doi.org/10.31957/pjdir.v2i2.2247

Setiyanto, A. (2017). Strengthening Indonesia’s Role In Indian Ocean Through IORA. Jurnal Pertahanan Media Informasi Ttg Kajian & Strategi Pertahanan Yang Mengedepankan Identity Nasionalism & Integrity, 3(1), 15–32. https://doi.org/10.33172/jp.v3i1.156

Siregar, W. A. (2021). BNN: 90 Persen Penyelundupan Narkoba Lewat Jalur Laut. https://news.okezone.com/read/2021/09/26/608/2476872/bnn-90-persen-penyelundupan-narkoba-lewat-jalur-laut

Sugiyono. 2013., Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R&D. Alfabeta, CV. Bandung

Sunaryo, T. (2019). Indonesia Sebagai Negara Kepulauan. Jurnal Kajian Stratejik Ketahanan Nasional, 2(2), 97–105. https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/v3/index.php/platax/article/view/1251

Susanto, V. Y. (2021). KKP Tangkap 167 Kapal Pelaku Illegal Fishing Selama 2021. https://money.kompas.com/read/2021/12/13/173905726/kkp-tangkap-167-kapal-pelaku-illegal-fishing-selama-2021?page=2

Suuronen, P., Pitcher, C. R., McConnaughey, R. A., Kaiser, M. J., Hiddink, J. G., & Hilborn, R. (2020). A Path to a Sustainable Trawl Fishery in Southeast Asia. Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture, 28(4), 499–517. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/23308249.2020.1767036

The World Bank. (2021a). Melestarikan Laut di Timur Kepulauan Indonesia. https://www.worldbank.org/in/news/feature/2021/06/07/conserving-oceans-in-the-eastern-seas-of-an-indonesian-archipelago

The World Bank. (2021b). Plastic Waste Discharge in Indonesia. Marine Plastics Series, East Asia and Pacific Region. https://www.worldbank.org/in/country/indonesia/publication/plastic-waste-discharges-from-rivers-and-coastlines-in-indonesia#

Triatmodjo, M., Merdekawati, A., Pratama, N. A., Rahma, N. A., Agung, I. G. P., & Arsyah, A. M. (2022). Pulau, Kepulauan, dan Negara Kepulauan (H. Pras (ed.)). Gadjah Mada University Press. https://books.google.co.id/books?hl=en&lr=&id=HXd8EAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP2&dq=pengertian+negara+kepulauan&ots=HGUCsPrEzk&sig=II-U9CVxtTCE5RpprYVWfTzUtbw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=pengertian negara kepulauan&f=false

Tsauro, M. A. (2017). Arti Deklarasi Djuanda dan Konferensi Hukum Laut PBB bagi Indonesia. Gema Keadilan, 4(October), 180–190. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.14710/gk.2017.3780

VIVA. (2022). Operasi Gabungan Bea Cukai dan Polri, Gagalkan Penyelundupan Sabu. https://www.viva.co.id/siaran-pers/1516133-operasi-gabungan-bea-cukai-dan-polri-gagalkan-penyelundupan-sabu

Wibawa, A. C., Supriyono, B., Muluk, M. K., & Rohmah, S. (2020). Policy Evaluation on Maritime Security Issues in Indonesia. Wacana Journal of Social and Humanity Studies, 23(3), 165–172. https://wacana.ub.ac.id/index.php/wacana/article/view/834/500

Wicaksono, A. E. S. (2017). Indonesia urges ASEAN countries to improve maritime security. https://en.antaranews.com/news/109572/indonesia-urges-asean-countries-to-improve-maritime-security#

Winn, P. (2014). Strait of Malacca Is World’s New Piracy Hotspot. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/strait-malacca-worlds-new-piracy-hotspot-n63576

Witular, R. A. (2014). Jokowi launches maritime doctrine to the world. The Jakarta Post. https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/11/13/jokowi-launches-maritime-doctrine-world.html

Wright, T. (2017). Indonesia vows to tackle marine pollution. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/indonesia-vows-to-tackle-marine-pollution-74038




DOI: https://doi.org/10.24198/padjir.v6i2.49655

Padjadjaran Journal of International Relations Terindeks Di:

 Google Scholar   Indonesia One SearchWorldCat Crossref  Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)