.png)
Email this article Effectiveness of green tea, bay leaf, and lime peel extracts as toothpastes active agents for extrinsic stain removal on teeth, artificial teeth, and denture base
Abstract
Introduction: Tea consumption causes extrinsic stain formation on teeth and denture surfaces, affecting personal appearance. Herbal plants extract such as green tea, bay leaf, and lime peel are potentially active agents for extrinsic stain removal. This study aimed to analyse the effectiveness of green tea, bay leaf, and lime peel extracts as toothpaste active agents for extrinsic stain removal on teeth, artificial teeth, and denture base. Methods: Twenty-five post-extracted human permanent central incisors, 25 artificial teeth, and 25 heat polymerised acrylic resin denture base (20x20x10mm) were divided into three treatment groups and two control groups. Pictures of all specimens were taken before and after stain induction and after brushing. All specimens were immersed in a tea solution made from 2 grams of tea and 100ml of 100°C boiled water to induce extrinsic stain. The immersion process was repeated every 24 hours for seven days. All specimens were then brushed using an automatic toothbrushing machine for 70 seconds on each surface, 200 grams loads, and five speeds/second. Toothpaste used for brushing were three different active agent toothpaste (treatment groups), no active agent toothpaste, and commercial whitening (control groups). Colour index analysis of the specimen pictures computerised by CIELAB method. The data were analysed by one-way ANOVA (α=0.05). Results: Green tea, bay leaf, and lime peel extract toothpaste and positive control had higher L-values of extrinsic stain removal than essential toothpaste on all specimens. There was a significant difference between green tea, bay leaf, and lime peel extract toothpaste and negative control toothpaste (p<0.05), while no significant difference was found when compared to the positive control toothpaste (p>0.05). Conclusion: Green tea, bay leaf, and lime peel extract toothpaste are effective as extrinsic stain removal on teeth and acrylic resin denture base because of abrasive materials that work together with the active agents such as epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in green tea, eugenol in bay leaf, and naringin in lime peel.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
IISD. Global Market Report: Tea. Sustain Commod Marketpl Ser 2019. 2019;62. Available from: https://www.iisd.org/ssi/ publications/global-market-report-tea/
Epple M, Meyer F, Enax J. A critical review of modern concepts for teeth whitening. Dent
J. 2019;7(3):79. DOI: 10.3390/dj7030079.
Brennan MM, Hallas D, Jacobs SK, Robbins M, Northridge M. Home-use whitening toothpastes for whitening teeth in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;2014(1).
Banu F, Jeyapalan K, Anand Kumar V, Modi
K. Comparison of Colour Stability Between Various Denture Base Resins on Staining and Denture Cleansing Using Commercially Available Denture Cleansers. Cureus. 2020;12(1):1–12. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.6698
Ramadhan IPA, Damiyanti M, Triaminingsih S. Effects of brushing with abrasive dentifrices containing various materials on the surface roughness of acrylic resins. J Phys Conf Ser. 2018;1073 062015. DOI: 10.1088/1742- 6596/1073/6/062015
Cho MJ. The tooth whitening effect of toothpaste containing high cleaning silica and sodium hexametaphosphate and the preventive effect of staining by coffee, tea, and wine. Int J Clin Prev Dent. 2020;16(4):192- 199. DOI: 10.15236/ijcpd.2020.16.4.192
Ayaz EA, Ustun S. Effect of staining and denture cleaning on color stability of differently polymerized denture base acrylic resins. Niger J Clin Pract. 2020;23:304-9. DOI: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_330_19.
Souza-Rodrigues RD, Ferreira SDS, D’Almeida- Couto RS, Lachowski KM, Sobral MÂP, Marques MM. Choice of toothpaste for the elderly: an in vitro study. Braz Oral Res. 2015;29(1). DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107BOR-2015.vol29.0094
Ghapanchi J, Kamali F, Moattari A, Poorshahidi S, Shahin E, Rezazadeh F, et al. n Vitro Comparison of Cytotoxic and Antibacterial Effects of 16 Commercial Toothpastes. JIOH. 2015;7(3):39-43.
Castillo-Henríquez L, Alfaro-Aguilar K, Ugalde-álvarez J, Vega-Fernández L, de Oca-Vásquez GM, Vega-Baudrit JR. Green synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles from plant extracts and their possible applications as antimicrobial agents in the agricultural area. Nanomaterials. 2020;10(9):1–24. DOI: 10.3390/nano10091763.
Ekor M. The growing use of herbal medicines: Issues relating to adverse reactions and challenges in monitoring safety. Front Neurol. 2014;4 JAN(January):1–10. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00177
Pandit AP. Joshi SR. Dalal PS. Patole VC. Curcumin as a permeability enhancer enhanced the antihyperlipidemic activity of dietary green tea extract. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2019;19(129):73-44. DOI: 10.1186/s12906- 019-2545-1.
Batool S, Khera RA, Hanif MA, Ayub MA. Bay Leaf. In: Medicinal Plants of South Asia. Singapore: Elsevier; 2020. p. 63–74.
Soekobagiono S, Rostiny drg., Wulandari F. Pengaruh Lama Perendaman Resin Akrilik Heat Cured Dalam Eugenol Minyak Kayu Manis Terhadap Kekuatan Transversa. J Prosthodont. 2012;3(1):52–6.
Puspitaningtyas DE. The Miracle of Fruits. Jakarta: Agro Media Pustaka: 2013. p.68-9.
Kurnia A. The Miraculous Efficacy of Lime. Yogyakarta: Andi Offset: 2014. p. 23-5.
Zhang QW, Lin LG, Ye WC. Techniques for extraction and isolation of natural products: A comprehensive review. Chinese Med (United Kingdom). 2018;13(1):1–26. DOI: 10.1186/ s13020-018-0177-x
Ningrum CDS, Saputera D, Arifin R. Toxicity Test of Bay Leaf Extract on Bhk-21 Fibroblast Cells in Vitro. Dentino. 2019; IV(2): 178–82. DOI: 10.20527/dentino.v4i2.7067
Akotakar AM, Thenge RR, Patil A V, Ghonge AB, Bhaltadak MB. Formulation and comparative standardization of toothpaste. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2018;3(4):12–5.
Churchley D. Schemehorn B. In vitro assessment of a toothpaste range specifically designed for children. IDJ. 2013;63(2):48-56. DOI: 10.1111/idj.12071
Ramage G. O’Donnell L. Sherry L. Culshaw S. Bagg J. Czesnikiewicz-Guzik M. et al. Impact of frequency of denture cleaning on microbial and clinical parameters – a bench to chairside approach. J Microbiol. 2018;11(1):53-59. DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2018.1538437
Nuryanti A, Soesatyo MH, Agustina D, Sunarintyas S. The effects of ultrasonic scaling duration and replication on caspase-3 expression of Sprague Dawley rat’s pulp cells. Dent J (Maj Ked Gi). 2015;48(1):48.-52. DOI:
10.20473/j.djmkg.v48.i1.p48-52
Hayasaki H, Saitoh I, Nakakura-Ohshima K, Hanasaki M, Nogami Y, Nakajima T, et al. Tooth brushing for oral prophylaxis. Jpn Dent Sci Rev. 2014;50(3):69–77. DOI: 10.1016/j. jdsr.2014.04.001
Koshy RR, Mary SK, Thomas S, Pothan LA. Industrial Color Physics. New York: Springer: 2015. p.167-9.
Rego Roselino L de M, Alandia-Román CC, Leite VMF, Silva-Lovato CH, Pires-De- Souza F de CP. Color stability and surface roughness of artificial teeth brushed with an experimental Ricinus communis toothpaste. Brazilian J Oral Sci. 2015;14(4):267–71. DOI: 10.1590/1677-3225v14n4a03
Chen L. Zhang Q. Wang Y. Zhang K. Zou
J. Comparing dental plaque microbiome diversity of extrinsic black stain in the primary dentition using Illumina MiSeq sequencing technique. BMC Oral Health. 2019;2(6):269- 278. DOI: 10.1186/s12903-019-0960-9.
Koeings PM, Faller RV. Fundamentals of Dentrifice: Oral Health Benefits in a Tube. Chicago: Academy of General Dentistry: 2013. p.45-7.
Shobana G. Muthu KR. Bharath KG. Taranath M. Palanivel PR. Effect of whitening toothpastes on extrinsic dental stain. JoAOR. 2019;10(1):19-23. DOI: 10.1177/2320206819834411
Endoh M, Takayanagi A, Fujiseki M, Eda Y, Itano M, Yano Y. Effects of toothpaste containing granular calcium carbonate on oral health. JIOH. 2019;11(5):249-55. DOI: 10.4103/jioh.jioh_37_18
Karadağlıoğlu Öİ, Ulusoy N, Başer, KHC, Hanoğlu A, Sik I. Antibacterial activities of herbal toothpastes combined with essential oils against Streptococcus mutans. Pathogens. 2019;4(5):48-55.
Rahardjo A, Gracia E, Riska G, Adiatman M, Maharani DA. Potential Side Effects of Whitening Toothpaste on Enamel Roughness and Micro Hardness. Int J Clin Prev Dent. 2015;11(4):239–42. DOI: 10.15236/ ijcpd.2015.11.4.239
Wang B. Cleaning, abrasion, and polishing effect of novel perlite toothpaste abrasive. J Clin Dent. 2013;24(3):88-93.
Hara AT, Turssi CP. Baking soda as an abrasive in toothpastes: Mechanism of action and safety and effectiveness considerations. J Am Dent Assoc. 2017;148(11):27–33. DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2017.09.007
Kumar KK, Gowda Y, Pai VS, Ashwath H, Nadig RR. Abrasivity of herbal and non-herbal toothpaste: A profilometric study. Int J Cur Res. 2018;10(11):75716-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.33128.11.2018
Hamlin TA. Swart M. Bickelhaupt FM. Nucleophilic Substitution (SN2): Dependence on Nucleophile, Leaving Group, Central Atom, Substituents, and Solvent. Chemphyschem. 2018;19(11):1315-1330. DOI: 10.1002/ cphc.201701363
Yang CS, Wang H, Chen JX, Zhang J. Effects of Tea Catechins on Cancer Signaling Pathways. Enzymes. 2014;36(2):195-221. DOI: 10.1016/ B978-0-12-802215-3.00010-0
Bacanli M, Basaran AA, Basaran N. The antioxidant and antigenotoxic properties of citrus phenolics limonene and naringin. Food Chem Toxicol. 2015;8(1):51-7. DOI: 10.10.16/j.fct.2015.04.015
Marquillas CB. Procaccini R. Malmagro MV. Sánchez-Martín MJ. Breaking the rules: tooth whitening by means of a reducing agent. Clin Oral Investig. 2020;24(8):2773–9. DOI: 10.1007/s00784-019-03140-3. Epub 2019 Nov 20.
Nagarjuna S, Murthy TEGK, Avanapu SR. Solubility data of naringin and rutin in different pH media using UV visible spectrophotometer. J Pharm Innov. 2016;5(2):63-65. DOI:10.7897/2277-4572.05213
Zeng L, Ma M, Li C, Luo L. Stability of tea polyphenols solution with different pH at different temperatures. Int J Food Prop. 2017;20(1):1-18. DOI: 10.1080/10942912.201 4.983605
Nakagawa A, Miyazaki N, Iwasaki K. Life cycle of phytoreoviruses visualized by electron microscopy and tomography. Front Microbiol. 2013;4(2):306-14.
Zafar MS. Prosthodontic applications of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA): An update. MDPI. 2020;12(1):1-35. DOI:10.3390/ polym12102299
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24198/pjd.vol34no1.32236
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License