Characteristics and management of oro-maxillofacial trauma in the emergency room during the COVID-19 pandemic: a retrospective cross-sectional Study

Cahyono Yudianto; Endang Sjamsudin; Melita Sylvyana; Lucky Riawan

doi:10.24198/pjd.vol35no2.47077

Characteristics and management of oro-maxillofacial trauma in the emergency room during the COVID-19 pandemic: a retrospective cross-sectional Study

Cahyono Yudianto, Endang Sjamsudin, Melita Sylvyana, Lucky Riawan

Abstract

Abstract

Introduction: Oro-maxillofacial traumas comprise injuries to the face, jaws, or both; they include injury to any of the bony structures, skin, and soft tissues around the face. During the COVID-19 pandemic, human activity was mostly at home, with movement restrictions. The purpose of this study is to find out the types of characteristics and management of oro-maxillofacial traumas during the COVID-19 pandemic at the emergency room. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate every maxillofacial trauma in patients treated by the oral surgeon in the emergency room at RSUP Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung Hospital. Incidence records were taken directly from case reports from January 2020 to December 2021. The variables considered were patient age, gender, etiologies, sites, classifications, and management of the trauma. Then integrated into a table to be analyzed epidemiologically. Results: There were 177 maxillofacial trauma patients registered in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. It was found that the gender ratio, female to male, is equal to 2.3:7.6. The 18-36 age group accounted for the largest subgroup in both sexes. Motorcycle accidents accounted for as much as 80.22% of the etiology of the most common traumas. While dentoalveolar (28.22%) was the most common site of the fracture, followed by the mandible (23.31%). Injuries around the mouth made up the largest portion (62.15%) of the areas that were directly impacted by the injuries, followed by injuries to the face (18.64%) and injuries to the mouth and nose (6.21%). Among the 177 patients mentioned above, 10.17% were hospitalized. Conclusion: Male’s are more likely to be involved in traffic accidents, mainly motorcycle crashes, which are the primary cause of traumas. Dentoalveolar fractures were the most common type of fracture, and the management of the oro-maxillofacial trauma is done according to the standard procedure.

Keywords

Oromaxillofacial, Emergency, Trauma, Dentoalveolar, Mandible, Covid-19

Full Text:

PDF

References

Lee DW, Choi SY, Kim JW, Kwon TG, Lee ST. The impact of Covid-19 on the injury pattern for maxillofacial fracture in Daegu city, South Korea. Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg. 2021;43(1):35. Published 2021 Sep 13. doi:10.1186/s40902-021-00322-6

Alterman M, Nassar M, Rushinek H, Cohen A, Shapira L, Casap N. The efficacy of a protective protocol for oral and maxillofacial surgery procedures in a COVID-19 pandemic area-results from 1471 patients. Clin Oral Investig. 2021;25 (8):5001-5008. doi:10.1007/s00784-021-03809-8

Samudro EG, Madjid MA. Pemerintah Indonesia Menghadapi Bencana Nasional Covid -19 Yang Mengancam Ketahanan Nasional. Jurnal Ketahanan Nasional by Study Program of National Resilience, Graduate School Universitas Gajah Mada in co-operation with Lemhannas RI (National Resilience Institute of Indonesia). 2020. Vol 26, No 2.

Giudici R, Lancioni A, Gay H, Bassi G, Chiara O, Mare C, et al. Impact of the Covid-19 outbreak on severe trauma trends and healthcare system reassessment in Lombardia, Italy: an analysis from the regional trauma registry. World J Emerg Surg. 2021;16(1):39. Published 2021 Jul 19. doi:10.1186/s13017-021-00383-y

Famà F, Giudice RL, Vita GD, Tribst JPM, Giudice GL, Sindoni A. Covid-19 and the Impact on the Cranio-Oro-Facial Trauma Care in Italy: An Epidemiological Retrospective Cohort Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(13):7066. Published 2021 Jul 1. doi:10.3390/ijerph18137066

Nismal H, Yuza TA, Fathurachman. Pengelolaan Maloklusi Open Bite Anterior Akibat Fraktur Neglected Maksila Le Fort I Dengan Teknik Osteotomi Le Fort I Dan Fiksasi Transoseous (Laporan Kasus). Cakradonya Dental Journal. 12. 2020. 132-139. doi: https://doi.org/10.24815/cdj.v12i2.18446

Puglia FA, Hils A, Dawoud B, Magennis P, Chiu GA. Management of oral and maxillofacial trauma during the first wave of the Covid-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom. 2021. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjoms.2020.12.021

Lars Andersson, Karl-Erik Kahnberg, M. Anthony Pogrel. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. John Wiley & Sons, 2012. Hal 817-898

Lestari DY, Hafiz A, Huriyati E. Diagnosis dan Penatalaksanaan Fraktur Le Fort I-II disertai Fraktur Palatoalveolar Sederhana. Andalas Journal Health Vol 7. 2018. doi: https://doi.org/10.25077/jka.v7i0.854

Purnomo YY, Sjamsudin E, Oli’i EM. Characteristics of Pain Based on Numerical Rating Scale in Maxillofacial Trauma Patients Treated with Open Reduction Internal Fixation. NMSJ. 2021 Oct. 21 6(1):44-53. doi: https://doi.org/10.20956/nmsj.v6i1.13855

Sastrawan Agus, Sjamsudin Endang, Faried Ahmad. Penatalaksanaan emergensi pada trauma oromaksilofasial disertai fraktur basis kranii anterior. Majalah Kedokteran Gigi Indonesia. 2017. 3 https://doi.org/10.22146/majkedgiind.12606

Chrcanovic BR. Factors influencing the incidence of maxillofacial fractures. Oral Maxillofacial Surgery. 2012;16(1):3-17. doi:10.1007/s10006-011-0280-y

Jose A, Nagori SA, Agarwal B, Bhutia O, Roychoudhury A. Management of maxillofacial trauma in emergency: An update of challenges and controversies. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2016;9(2):73-80. doi:10.4103/0974-2700.179456

Olusanya AA, Adeleye AO, Aladelusi TO, Fasola AO. Updates on the epidemiology and pattern of traumatic maxillofacial injuries in a nigerian university teaching hospital: a 12-month prospective cohort in-hospital outcome study. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr. 2015;8(1):50-58. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1384740

Raymond J. Fonseca. Oral and maxillofacial trauma. 4th edition. St. Louis, Missouri. Saunders. 2013. part II. chap 4. Hal 150-155

Soukup JW, Mulherin BL, Snyder CJ. Prevalence and nature of dentoalveolar injuries among patients with maxillofacial fractures. J Small Anim Pract. 2013;54(1):9-14. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5827.2012.01295.x

Lawler ME, Haas CA, Peacock ZS. Dentoalveolar Trauma. Facial Trauma Surgery. Elsevier. 2020, Pages 231-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-49755-8.00026-8

Shepherd JP. Maxillofacial trauma. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Elsevier. Pages 183–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-10073-4.50017-3.

Manodh P, Shankar DP, Pradeep D, Santhosh R, Murugan A. Incidence and patterns of maxillofacial trauma-a retrospective analysis of 3611 patients-an update. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2016 Dec;20(4):377-383. doi:10.1007/s10006-016-0576-z. Epub 2016 Sep 23. PMID: 27663240.

Din Lam, Laskin DM. Oral and maxillofacial surgery review : a study guide. Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 2015. Hal 75

Engin DA, Alper GS, Erdal K, Cemil K, Fevzi Y, Evvah K, et al. Assessment of maxillofacial trauma in emergency department. WJES. Turkey. 2014 Jan 31;9(1):13. doi: 10.1186/1749-7922-9-13.

Samad S, Sjamsudin E, Tasman A, Faried A. Tingkat kejadian trauma maksilofasial akibat kecelakaan kendaraan bermotor di kota bandung, provinsi jawa barat. Mulawarman Dental Journal. Vol 1 No 1 2021. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/mul.%20dent.%20j.v1i1.5540

Sjamsudin E, Sastrawan AD. Etiology of Pediatric Oromaxillofacial Trauma in Emergency Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung in 3 years 2015-2017. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR). Volume 7 Issue 10, October 2018. doi: 10.21275/ART20191830.

Yudianto C, Sjamsudin E, Oli’I EM. Karakteristik fraktur palatum yang disertai fraktur dentoalveolar pada pasien trauma maksilofasial. Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Padjadjaran. Desember 2022;34(3):243-249. doi: 10.24198/jkg.v34i3.42838.

Subyakto Y, Sjamsudin E, Adiantoro S. The characteristics of mandibular fractures in Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia. Bali Medical Journal 2021;10(2): 591-594. doi: 10.15562/bmj.v10i2.2340.

Yudianto C, Sylvyana M, Yuza AT, Sjamsudin E. Management of Multiple Fractures of the Maxilla and Mandible with Closed Reduction: A Case Report. International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies. Volume 6, Issue 09; September: 2022; Page No. 27-34. doi: https://doi.org/10.32553/ijmbs.v6i9.2605

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24198/pjd.vol35no2.47077