Phytochemical properties and antibacterial activity of green tea leaf extract from gunung gambir jember against Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans: an experimental study

Zahara Meilawaty, Tantin Ermawati, Desi Sandra Sari, Indah Yulia Ningsih, Dessy Rachmawati, Jenneke Klein Nulend

Abstract


ABSTRACT

Introduction: Green tea leaves are abundant in bioactive components, including catechins, flavonoids, and polyphenols. These compounds are known for their antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. In addition, green tea also contains minerals, such as Calcium, Phosphor, Potassium, Magnesium, and Sulphur. However, the precise mineral content and anti-bacterial properties of green tea against Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans from Gunung (Mount) Gambir in Jember Regency are currently unknown. This study aimed to analyze the phytochemical composition and antibacterial activity of green tea leaf extract from Gunung Gambir, Jember against Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Methods: The bioactive constituents of green tea leaf extract were identified using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer to measure its total flavonoid content (TFC) and total phenolic compounds (TPC). Mineral identification was performed using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The disc diffusion method was used to assess antibacterial activity by quantifying the diameter of the inhibition zone in cultures of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans treated with green tea leaf extract at concentrations of 3.125%, 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 50%, and 100%.  Anaerobic conditions were created by incubating the Petri dishes in a desiccator for 24 hours at 37°C. One-Way Anova test was used to analyze the data, and differences were considered statistically significant at p<0.05. Subsequently, a LSD test was carried out (p<0,05). Results: The TPC value was 1.607±0.742 mg GAE/g, while the TFC value was 99.146 ± 0.307 mg GAE/g. Calcium appeared to be the most abundant mineral in the tea extract, measured at 31.65 ppm. The inhibitory power of green tea leaves extract against both bacteria was not significantly different (p>0.05). Conclusion: Green tea leaves extract from Gunung Gambir Jember Regency in Indonesia is rich in phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and certain minerals, such us Phosphor, Calium, Magnesium, Sulphur and Calcium. These constituents are known to possess biological and antibacterial activity against Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans.

KEYWORDS 

Antibacterial, flavonoid, green tea extract, minerals, phenol, Jember


Keywords


antibacterial activity, flavonoid components, green tea extract, minerals, phenol components, Gunung Gambir Jember

Full Text:

PDF

References


REFERENCES

Khurshid Z, Zohaib S, Najeeb S, Shahab S, Zafar MS, Rashid H. Green Tea (Camellia Sinensis): Chemistry and Oral Health. Open Dent J. 2016;10:166–73. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874210601610010166.

Spolaor A, Beatrice M, Bartłomiej L, Adam N, Marco R, Catherine LS, et al. Investigation on the sources and impact of trace elements in the annual snowpack and the firn in the hansbreen (Southwest Spitsbergen). Front Earth Sci. 2021;8:1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.536036.

Sugihartini N, Saridewi R, Ramdhani U, Rahmawanti F, Yuliani S, Sophia. Anti-inflammatory Activity of Camellia sinensis L. Extract Cream Combined with Vitamin C as Antioxidant on Croton Oil-induced Inflammation in Male Mice Strain BALB/C. Trad Med J. 2017;22(2):73–79. https://doi.org/10.22146/tradmedj.27915.

Xu P, Su H, Zhao S, Jin R, Cheng H, Xu A, et al. Transcriptome and phytochemical analysis reveals the alteration of plant hormones, characteristic metabolites, and related gene expression in tea (camellia sinensis l.) leaves during withering. Plants. 2020;9(2):204. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9020204.

Pizzino G, Irrera N, Cucinotta M, Pallio G, Mannino F, Arcoraci V, et al. Oxidative Stress: Harms and Benefits for Human Health. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017;2017:8416763. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8416763.

Alghamdi AI. Antibacterial activity of green tea leaves extracts against specific bacterial strains. J King Saud Univ Sci. 2023;35:102650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2023.102650.

Zhao T, Li C, Wang S, Song X. Green Tea (Camellia sinensis): A Review of Its Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicology. Molecules. 2022;27(12):3909. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27123909.

Mokra D, Joskova M, Mokry J. Therapeutic Effects of Green Tea Polyphenol (‒)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) in Relation to Molecular Pathways Controlling Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;24(1):340. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010340.

Safriani R, Sugihartini N, Yuliani S. Physical characteristic and irritation index of Syzygium aromaticum essential oil in O/W and W/O creams. IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 2017; 259: 012005. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/259/1/012005.

Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) 2018. Jakarta: Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan, Kementerian Kesehatan RI; 2018.

Janakiram C, Venkitachalam R, Fontelo P, Lafolla TJ, Dye B. Effectiveness of herbal oral care products in reducing dental plaque & gingivitis – a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2020;20:43. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-020-2812-1.

Hajishengallis G. Periodontitis: from microbial immune subversion to systemic inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol. 2015;15(1):30–44. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3785.

Lashari MH, Khan M, Ahmed F, Ali M, Raza S. The use of mucoadhesive oral patches containing epigallocatechin-3-gallate to treat periodontitis: an in vivo study. J Periodontal Res. 2022; 57(4): 691–701. https://doi.org/10.1111/jre.12978

Bhattacharya PT, Misra SR, Hussain M. Nutritional aspects of essential trace elements in oral health and disease: an extensive review. Scientifica (Cairo). 2016;2016:5464373. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5464373.

Ananthi J, Giri S. Screening of bioactive compounds of green tea (Camellia sinensis). World J Pharm Med Res. 2018;4(9):222–226.

Jose da Costa G, Martin dos Santos R, Ceravolo IP, Freire GP, Dias Souza M. Green tea (camellia sinensis) extract is effective against biofilms of staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa, and interferes on the activity of antimicrobial drugs. Curr Funct Foods. 2023;1(2):1–9. https://doi.org/10.2174/2666862901666230419092405.

Dogbey B, Ibrahim S, Abobe J. Comparison of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of acetone and water extracts of theobroma cacao beans. Adv Microbiol. 2020;10:478–491. https://doi.org/10.4236/aim.2020.109036.

Hudzicki J. Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Test Protocol. American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC. 2012;1–13. Available from: https://www.asm.org/Protocols/Kirby-Bauer-Disk-Diffusion-Susceptibility-Test-Pro.

Jeon J, Park J, Kim S, Lee H, Kim M. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate and green tea extracts against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli isolated from skin wounds. Ann Dermatol. 2014;26(5):564–570.

Yang J, Liu RH. The phenolic profiles and antioxidant activity in different types of tea. Int J Food Sci Technol. 2013;48:163–171. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2012.03173.x.

Fawwaz M, Muflihunna A, Pratama M, Rahmawati R, Razak R, Baits M. Total phenolic and flavonoid compound of crude and purified extract of green tea leaves (camellia sinensis) from makassar-indonesia. J Fitofarmaka Indon. 2022;9(3):19–24. https://doi.org/10.33096/jffi.v9i3.916.

Shahidi F, Ambigaipalan P. Phenolics and polyphenolics in foods, beverages and spices: Antioxidant activity and health effects – A review. J Funct Foods. 2015;18(Pt B):820–897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2015.06.018.

Huang RT, Lu YF, Inbaraj BS, Chen BH. Determination of phenolic acids and flavonoids in rhinacanthus nasutus (l.) kurz by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode-array detection and tandem mass spectrometry. J Funct Foods. 2015;12:498–508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2014.12.002.

Sohrabi MR, Darabi G. The application of continuous wavelet transform and least squares support vector machine for the simultaneous quantitative spectrophotometric determination of myricetin, kaempferol and quercetin as flavonoids in pharmaceutical plants. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2016;152:443–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2015.07.073.

Bashir A, Sajid M, Hamid S, Waheed A, Bashir M, Shah H, et al. Comparative study of mineral content in different varieties of green tea. Pak J Sci Ind Res Ser B Biol Sci. 2021;64(3):256–262.

Bashir A, Sajid M, Hamid S, Waheed A, Bashir M, Shah H, et al. Comparative study of mineral content in different varieties of green tea. Pak J Sci Ind Res Ser B Biol Sci. 2021;64B(3):256–262. https://doi.org/10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.64.3.2021.256.262.

Wasilewski GB, et al. The Bone—Vasculature Axis: Calcium Supplementation and Cardiovascular Risk. Nutrients. 2019;11(6):1373. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11061373

Araghizadeh A, Kohanteb J, Fani MM. Inhibitory activity of green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract on some clinically isolated cariogenic and periodontopathic bacteria. Med Princ Pract. 2013;22(4):368–372. https://doi.org/10.1159/000348299.

Makarewicz M, Drożdż I, Tarko T, Duda-Chodak A. The interactions between polyphenols and microorganisms, especially gut microbiota. Antioxidants. 2021;10(2):188. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10020188

Xie Y, Yang W, Tang F, Chen X, Ren L. Antibacterial activities of flavonoids: structure-activity relationship and mechanism. Curr Med Chem. 2015;22(1):132-49. https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867321666140916113443




DOI: https://doi.org/10.24198/pjd.vol36no3.58316

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


 

Creative Commons License All publications by the Universitas Padjadjaran [e-ISSN: 2549-6212, p-ISSN: 1979-0201] are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License .

Visitor Stat