Antibacterial and antibiofilm effect of moringa oleifera leaves on bacteria associated with endodontic-periodontal lesions: an experimental study

Joshua Darma, Meiny Faudah Amin, Elline Elline, Komariah Komariah, Dikdik Kurnia

Abstract


Introduction: Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is the gold standard irrigation solution in root canal treatment; however, its clinical use is limited by its potential toxicity to periodontal tissue. Moringa oleifera is a natural plant known for its antibacterial properties. The study aims to analyze the potential antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of M. oleifera leaves on bacteria associated with endodontic-periodontal lesions. Methods: An experimental study was conducted using samples of P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 and S. sanguinis ATCC 10556 cultured on BHI agar before exposure to M. oleifera leaf extract at concentrations of 80, 60, 40, and 20%. A 5.25% NaOCl solution served as the positive control, while distilled water was used as the negative control. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using the tube dilution method with BHI medium and defined as the lowest concentration that inhibited bacterial growth. The minimum bacterial concentration (MBC) was determined by subculturing inoculum from tubes that showed no visible growth in the MIC test. A standard plate count method was used to measure the growth density of P. gingivalis and S. sanguinis. The antibiofilm assay evaluated biofilm attachment using crystal violet staining. Biofil density was quantified using spectrophotometry at 570nmto measure the amount of transmitted light. A One-way ANOVA Test was applied to the normally distributed data, while the Kruskal-Wallis Test was used for non-normally distributed data. Post-hoc tests were performed to determine significant differences between groups, with a significance level set at p < 0.05. Result: The antibacterial test showed a significant effect of M. oleifera leaf extracts on the elimination of P. gingivalis (p = 0.002) and S. sanguinis (p = 0.001). The antibiofilm tests also showed a significant difference between among M. oleifera extract groups. Conclusion: M. oleifera leaf extract at concentrations of of 60 and 80 % exhibits antibacterial and antibiofil effects against P. gingivalis and S. sanguinis.

Keywords


Moringa oleifera, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus sanguinis, Antibacterial, Antibiofilm

Full Text:

PDF

References


S. Jahan; M. Shahjahan; S. Rasna; M. Aktar; S. Sultana; S. Ahmed; F. Sabrin; S. Nahar, "Antibacterial Effect of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) Leaf Ethanolic Extract Against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli," Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 976-982, 2022.

B. K. Paikra; B. Gidwani, "Phytochemistry and pharmacology of Moringa oleifera Lam," Journal of pharmacopuncture, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 194, 2017. https://doi.org/10.3831/KPI.2017.20.022

G. A. Reddy; E. Sridevi; A. S. Sankar; K. Pranitha; M. P. Gowd; C. Vinay, "Endodontic treatment of chronically infected primary teeth using triple antibiotic paste: An: in vivo: study," J of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 405-410, 2017. https://doi.org/10.4103/JCD.JCD_161_17

H. Xu; Z. Ye; A. Zhang; F. Lin; J. Fu; A. S. Fok, "Effects of concentration of sodium hypochlorite as an endodontic irrigant on the mechanical and structural properties of root dentine: A laboratory study," Int Endodontic J, vol. 55, no. 10, pp. 1091-1102, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.13800

C. M. Pirela; S. Maggiolo; I. Yévenes, "Determination of sodium hypochlorite concentrations in the activation of the irrigant by passive technique with ultrasonic, during the ex vivo endodontic protocol," Int J of interdisciplinary dent, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 132-134, 2020. https://doi.org/10.4067/S2452-55882020000300132

C. Cai; X. Chen; Y. Li; Q. Jiang, "Advances in the role of sodium hypochlorite irrigant in chemical preparation of root canal treatment," BioMed research international, vol. 2023, no. 1, pp. 8858283, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8858283

P. Sopandani; B. O. Iskandar; T. Ariwibowo; M. S. Djamil, "Antibacterial effects of Moringa oleifera leaf extract against Enterococcus faecalis in vitro," Scientific Dent J, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 16-20, 2020. https://doi.org/10.4103/SDJ.SDJ_43_19

R. J. Slaughter; M. Watts; J. A. Vale; J. R. Grieve; L. J. Schep, "The clinical toxicology of sodium hypochlorite," Clinical toxicology, vol. 57, no. 5, pp. 303-311, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2018.1543889

F. Madhloom; A. Sha, "Antimicrobial effect of Moringa oleifera L. and red pomegranate against clinically isolated Porphyromonas gingivalis: in vitro study," Archives of Razi Institute, vol. 77, no. 4, pp. 1405, 2022.

A. AO; T. Fadeyi, "Antimicrobial activities and phytochemical analysis of Moringa oleifera leaves on Staphylococus aureus and Streptococcus species," American journal of phytomedicine and clinical therapeutics, vol. no. pp. 643-653, 2015.

C. Tiloke; K. Anand; R. M. Gengan; A. A. Chuturgoon, "Moringa oleifera and their phytonanoparticles: Potential antiproliferative agents against cancer," Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, vol. 108, no. pp. 457-466, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.060

M. F. Amin; T. Ariwibowo; S. A. Putri; D. Kurnia, "Moringa oleifera: A review of the pharmacology, chemical constituents, and application for dental health," Pharmaceuticals, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 142, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17010142

L. Rochyani, "The inhibition of leaf extract Moringa oleifera on the formation biofilm bacteria Enterococcus faecalis," DENTA, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 44-50, 2020. https://doi.org/10.30649/denta.v14i1.7

B. Kaczmarek, "Tannic acid with antiviral and antibacterial activity as a promising component of biomaterials—A minireview," Materials, vol. 13, no. 14, pp. 3224, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143224

L. Fiorillo; G. Cervino; L. Laino; C. D’Amico; R. Mauceri; T. F. Tozum; M. Gaeta; M. Cicciù, "Porphyromonas gingivalis, periodontal and systemic implications: a systematic review," Dent J, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 114, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj7040114

A. T. Odularu; A. J. Afolayan; A. P. Sadimenko; P. A. Ajibade; J. Z. Mbese, "Multidrug‐Resistant Biofilm, Quorum Sensing, Quorum Quenching, and Antibacterial Activities of Indole Derivatives as Potential Eradication Approaches," BioMed Research Int, vol. 2022, no. 1, pp. 9048245, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9048245

H. Kurniawan; Widyastuti; M. E. Hutapea, "The effectiveness of the combination of Moringa oleifera extract and propolis on Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilms compared to 0.7% tetracycline," 2021. https://doi.org/10.20473/j.djmkg.v54.i2.p63-67

W. A. Chen; Y. Dou; H. M. Fletcher; D. S. Boskovic, "Local and systemic effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis infection," Microorganisms, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 470, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11020470

H. Mahdi; E. Yousif; N. Khan; R. Mahmud; V. Murugaiyah; M. Asmawi, "Optimizing extraction conditions of Moringa oleifera Lam Leaf for percent yield, total phenolics content, total flavonoids content and total radical scavenging activity," Int J Adv Res, vol. 4, no. 11, pp. 682-695, 2016. https://doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/2133

E. Tavazo Zadeh; P. Aref; N. Askarizadeh; F. Emadi, "In vitro Antimicrobial Effect of Punica granatum Extract versus Chlorhexidine on Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Candida albicans," J of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 18-27, 2023. https://doi.org/10.52547/jrdms.8.1.18

Y. Tu; X. Ling; Y. Chen; Y. Wang; N. Zhou; H. Chen, "Effect of S. Mutans and S. Sanguinis on Growth and Adhesion of P. Gingivalis and Their Ability to Adhere to Different Dental Materials," Medical science monitor: Int medical J of experimental and clinical research, vol. 23, no. pp. 4539-5445, 2017. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.904114

I. R. N. Alima; E. I. Auerkari; F. P. Gultom; A. W. Suhartono; R. S. Pasaribu; P. Auerkari, "minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of annona muricata ethanolic leaf extract on Porphyromonas gingivalis (ATCC 33277) and Streptococcus sanguinis (ATCC 10556)(In-vitro)," vol. no. pp., 2023. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3703101/v1

S. M. Ibrahim; A. S. Al-Mizraqchi, "Comparison of the antibacterial activity of panax ginseng and symphytum officinale with metronidazole against P. gingivalis: An MIC and MBC analysis," The Open Dent J, vol. 18, no. 1, pp., 2024. https://doi.org/10.2174/0118742106299402240425053257

N. Kommerein; N. Vierengel; J. Groß; T. Opatz; B. Al-Nawas; L. K. Müller-Heupt, "Antiplanktonic and Antibiofilm Activity of Rheum palmatum Against Streptococcus oralis and Porphyromonas gingivalis," Microorganisms, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 965, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10050965

R. Hutauruk; D. F. Suniarti; W. Djohan, "Potential of javanese turmeric ethanol extract in inhibiting streptococcus sanguinis and porphyromonas gingivalis biofilm formation," Int J of Applied Pharmaceutics, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 16, 2019. https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2019.v11s1.154

d. M. C. Amaro; M. L. T. S. Natalia; C. S. S. Isabel; C. P. d. A. X. Eulália; A. B. d. S. Marcos; A. L. R. J. Karlos, "Assessment of microbiota in root canals with pulp necrosis by means of Gram test," African J of Microbiology Research, vol. 12, no. 22, pp. 508-511, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR2017.8762

M. Bertolini; R. C. Costa; V. A. R. Barão; C. C. Villar; B. Retamal-Valdes; M. Feres; J. G. Silva Souza, Oral microorganisms and biofilms: new insights to defeat the main etiologic factor of oral diseases. MDPI: 2022; Vol. 10, p 2413.https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10122413

M. O. Osungunna, "Biofilm: formation and natural products’ approach to control–A review," African journal of infectious diseases, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 59-71, 2022. https://doi.org/10.21010/Ajidv16i2S.7

A. Chiș; P. A. Noubissi; O.-L. Pop; C. I. Mureșan; M. A. Fokam Tagne; R. Kamgang; A. Fodor; A.-V. Sitar-Tăut; A. Cozma; O. H. Orășan, "Bioactive compounds in Moringa oleifera: mechanisms of action, focus on their anti-inflammatory properties," Plants, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 20, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13010020

N. F. Shamsudin; Q. U. Ahmed; S. Mahmood; S. A. Ali Shah; A. Khatib; S. Mukhtar; M. A. Alsharif; H. Parveen; Z. A. Zakaria, "Antibacterial effects of flavonoids and their structure-activity relationship study: A comparative interpretation," Molecules, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 1149, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041149

S. Rai; E. Acharya-Siwakoti; A. Kafle; H. P. Devkota; A. Bhattarai, "Plant-derived saponins: a review of their surfactant properties and applications," Sci, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 44, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/sci3040044

A. Masyita; R. M. Sari; A. D. Astuti; B. Yasir; N. R. Rumata; T. B. Emran; F. Nainu; J. Simal-Gandara, "Terpenes and terpenoids as main bioactive compounds of essential oils, their roles in human health and potential application as natural food preservatives," Food chemistry: X, vol. 13, no. pp. 100217, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100217

Y. Yan; X. Li; C. Zhang; L. Lv; B. Gao; M. Li, "Research progress on antibacterial activities and mechanisms of natural alkaloids: A review," Antibiotics, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 318, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10030318

E. Fibryanto, "The effect of 17% ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid as a main irrigation on apical root canal cleanliness (ex vivo)," 2020. https://doi.org/10.30659/odj.7.2.117-124

A. M. Alharbi; T. M. Alharbi; M. S. Alqahtani; F. M. Elfasakhany; I. K. Afifi; M. T. Rajeh; M. Fattouh; L. M. M. Kenawi, "A comparative evaluation of antibacterial efficacy of moringa oleifera leaf extract, octenidine dihydrochloride, and sodium hypochlorite as intracanal irrigants against Enterococcus faecalis: an in vitro study," Int J of Dent, vol. 2023, no. 1, pp. 7690497, 2023.https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7690497




DOI: https://doi.org/10.24198/pjd.vol37no3.59353

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


 

Creative Commons License All publications by the Universitas Padjadjaran [e-ISSN: 2549-6212, p-ISSN: 1979-0201] are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.This license requires that reusers give credit to the creator. It allows reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format, for noncommercial purposes only.

Visitor Stat