ASPEK SOSIO-LEGAL DAN KULTURAL KERJA DAN PASAR TENAGA KERJA PADA PERTANIAN SAYURAN BERSKALA KECIL: KASUS DARI PEGUNUNGAN BANDUNG
Abstrak
Penelitian ini mengkaji paduan antara logika mekanisme pasar serta aspek sosiokultural yang ada pada pasar tenaga kerja agrikultural di Desa Cikembang, Kabupaten Bandung, Jawa Barat. Melalui survei yang dilengkapi dengan wawancara mendalam, penelitian ini menghasilkan deskripsi atas jenis tenaga kerja. Pertama, sumber tenaga kerja pertanian didominasi atas perpaduan antara anggota rumah tangga dan buruh upahan. Penghitungan upah atasnya didasarkan dua bentuk kuantifikasi, yaitu durasi kerja yang terwujud lewat damel harian dengan 6 jam waktu kerja, serta damel borongan yang dihitung berdasarkan satuan kilogram berat angkutan hasil panen. Kedua, sistem kontrak pada tenaga kerja pertanian mengindikasikan bahwa buruh lepas mendominasi pasar Cikembang yang dipekerjakan berbasiskan klientalisasi. Ketiga, terdapat buruh tani khusus dengan keahlian spesifik yang didasarkan atas kebutuhan dari komoditi tani seperti kegiatan nilas untuk panen kubis, ngaramas di kebun kubis dan wortel, serta nyulikat di kebun bawang daun, dan keterjalan medan lahan seperti pada pekerjaan jaga kebun dan ojek gunung. Keempat, gender menjadi penentu pembagian kerja, misalnya perempuan untuk pekerjaan yang memerlukan ketekunan serta laki-laki pada pekerjaan yang membutuhkan tenaga fisik ekstra. Selain itu, perpaduan aspek moral dan logika pasar juga menjadi pertimbangan untuk mempekerjakan banyak buruh perempuan karena kebutuhan atas kopi dan rokok ditiadakan sehingga menekan biaya produksi.
This study explores the intersection of market logic and sociocultural dynamics in the agricultural labor market of Cikembang Village, Bandung Regency, West Java. Combining surveys and in-depth interviews, the research identifies key characteristics of labor organization in the region. First, agricultural labor comprises both household members and wage workers. Wages are calculated either by duration (damel harian, with a six-hour workday) or output (damel borongan, based on kilograms of harvested produce). Second, the labor market is dominated by casual workers employed through clientelistic ties. Third, a subset of workers possesses crop-specific or terrain-specific skills, such as nilas (cabbage harvesting), ngaramas (work in cabbage and carrot fields), nyulikat (scallion fields), as well as roles suited to steep landscapes, like garden watchkeeping (jaga kebon) and mountain motorcycle transport (ojek gunung). Fourth, gender also influences labor division: women are typically assigned detail-oriented tasks, while men handle physically demanding work. Moreover, economic rationale intersects with moral considerations, as female labor is often preferred due to lower auxiliary costs—namely the absence of demands for coffee and cigarettes.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.24198/responsive.v8i1.62248
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