MARUF AMIN’S POLITICAL COMMUNICATION STRATEGY IN THE 2019 ELECTION CAMPAIGN: A LESSON FOR ANTI-HOAX POLITICS

Febby Widjayanto, Sidrotun Naim, Sabil Mokodenseho

Abstract


Social media (Instagram) with embedded text in various forms of multimedia content have become an important battleground for politicians to place the relevance of their policies to the public during election campaigns. The narratives played by politicians in the digital space are aimed at securing the mass base and votes of supporters, while seeking early certainty of their victory. This study aims to analyze Maruf Amin’s political communication strategy in dealing with hoaxes in the 2019 Indonesian election campaign. In this study, the researchers used a qualitative method with a descriptive approach to analyze the data. Primary data were taken from interviews. Meanwhile, the secondary data ware from journal articles, books, news, report releases, and digital contents. The data analysis model used in this study is inductive analysis, an analytical model in qualitative research that does not depart from theoretical deductions but rather empirical facts. This article was prepared by applying research steps, starting with data collecting, data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing/verification. Results indicated that digital political communication strategies applied in campaigns against hoaxes can be seen from how the digital presence with the identity of politicians, authentic character, and having intellectual and social capital as ulama is indirectly attached to scientific authorities who are bound by responsibility for delivering scientific truth. In addition, another finding is that coherence and consistency in campaigns can play an important role in success against hoaxes. To conclude, anti-hoax narratives in elections are inevitable. In other words, it is political resources that are free to use at any time and ready to be used by politicians to reaffirm an agenda, neutralize an issue, instill new ideas about nationalism, and provide educational and literacy messages for the wider audience.


Keywords


political communication, social media, digital literacy, political campaign, general election.

Full Text:

PDF

References


Ahmed, S. (2021). Who inadvertently shares deepfakes? Analyzing the role of political interest, cognitive ability, and social network size. Telematics and Informatics, 57, 1–10. doi: 10.1016/J.TELE.2020.101508

Aldahdouh, T. Z., Nokelainen, P., & Korhonen, V. (2020). Technology and Social Media Usage in Higher Education: The Influence of Individual Innovativeness. SAGE Open, 10(1), 1–20. doi: 10.1177/2158244019899441

Aminulloh, A., Artaria, M. D., Surya, Y. W. I., & Zajaczkowski, K. (2021). The 2019 Indonesian Presidential Election: Propaganda in Post-Truth Era. Nyimak: Journal of Communication, 5(1), 135–150. doi: 10.31000/NYIMAK.V5I1.3882

Andriadi, F. (2017). Partisipasi politik virtual: demokrasi netizen di Indonesia. RMBooks.

Araújo, B., & Prior, H. (2020). Framing Political Populism: The Role of Media in Framing the Election of Jair Bolsonaro. Journalism Practice, 15(2), 226–242. doi: 10.1080/17512786.2019.1709881

Arslanagić, S., & Mitrović, M. (2022). Electoral Preferences of Youth Voters in Bosnia and Herzegovina. MAP Social Sciences, 2(1), 28–37. doi: 10.53880/2744-2454.2022.2.1.28

Basavaraj, K. A. (2022). Digital campaigning in Karnataka. South Asian History and Culture, 13(3), 361–378. doi: 10.1080/19472498.2022.2058172

Bene, M., Ceron, A., Fenoll, V., Haβler, J., Kruschinski, S., Larsson, A. O., Magin, M., Schlosser, K., & Wurst, A. K. (2022). Keep Them Engaged! Investigating the Effects of Self-centered Social Media Communication Style on User Engagement in 12 European Countries. Political Communication, 39(4), 1–25. doi: 10.1080/10584609.2022.2042435

Boulianne, S. (2018). Twenty Years of Digital Media Effects on Civic and Political Participation: Communication Research, 47(7), 947–966. doi: 10.1177/0093650218808186

Brashier, N. M., Pennycook, G., Berinsky, A. J., & Rand, D. G. (2021). Timing matters when correcting fake news. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118(5), 1–3. doi: 10.1073/PNAS.2020043118/SUPPL_FILE/PNAS.2020043118.SAPP.PDF

Carney, K. (2022). The Effect of Social Media on Voters: Experimental Evidence from an Indian Election. Job Market Paper, 1–44. Retrieved from https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/carney/files/carney_jmp.pdf

Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2016). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA.: Sage Publication, Inc.

Danial, A. (2019, January 17). Kiai Ma’ruf Amin, Berkah atau Beban? Retrieved July 18, 2022, from Kompas.com website: https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2019/01/17/08512761/kiai-maruf-amin-berkah-atau-beban?page=all

Dhiman, A., & Toshniwal, D. (2022). AI-based Twitter framework for assessing the involvement of government schemes in electoral campaigns. Expert Systems with Applications, 203, 117338. doi: 10.1016/J.ESWA.2022.117338

Doolan, D. M., & Froelicher, E. S. (2009). Using an existing data set to answer new research questions: a methodological review. Research and Theory for Nursing Practice, 23(3), 203–215. doi: 10.1891/1541-6577.23.3.203

Elareshi, M., Habes, M., Ali, S., & Ziani, A. (2021). Using Online Platforms for Political Communication in Bahrain Election Campaigns. Pertanika: Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 29(3), 2013–2031. doi: 10.47836/pjssh.29.3.28

Ennser-Jedenastik, L., Gahn, C., Bodlos, A., & Haselmayer, M. (2022). Does social media enhance party responsiveness? How user engagement shapes parties’ issue attention on Facebook: Party Politics, 28(3), 468–481. doi: 10.1177/1354068820985334

Farkas, X., & Bene, M. (2021). Images, Politicians, and Social Media: Patterns and Effects of Politicians’ Image-Based Political Communication Strategies on Social Media: The International Journal of Press/Politics, 26(1), 119–142. doi: 10.1177/1940161220959553

Freelon, D., & Wells, C. (2020). Disinformation as Political Communication. Political Communication, 37(2), 145–156. doi: 10.1080/10584609.2020.1723755

Gaber, I., & Fisher, C. (2022). “Strategic Lying”: The Case of Brexit and the 2019 U.K. Election. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 27(2), 460–477. doi: 10.1177/1940161221994100

García-Orosa, B. (2022). Digital Political Communication: Hybrid Intelligence, Algorithms, Automation and Disinformation in the Fourth Wave. In B. García-Orosa (Ed.), Digital Political Communication Strategies (pp. 3–23). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-81568-4_1

Garnett, H. A., & James, T. S. (2020). Cyber Elections in the Digital Age: Threats and Opportunities of Technology for Electoral Integrity. Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy, 19(2), 111–126. doi: 10.1089/ELJ.2020.0633/ASSET/IMAGES/LARGE/ELJ.2020.0633_FIGURE1.JPEG

Gilardi, F., Gessler, T., Kubli, M., & Müller, S. (2022). Social Media and Political Agenda Setting. Political Communication, 39(1), 39–60. doi: 10.1080/10584609.2021.1910390

Gorodnichenko, Y., Pham, T., & Talavera, O. (2021). Social media, sentiment and public opinions: Evidence from #Brexit and #USElection. European Economic Review, 136(1), 1–22. doi: 10.1016/J.EUROECOREV.2021.103772

Guess, A. M., Lerner, M., Lyons, B., Montgomery, J. M., Nyhan, B., Reifler, J., & Sircar, N. (2020). A digital media literacy intervention increases discernment between mainstream and false news in the United States and India. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(27), 15536–15545. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1920498117

Haman, M., & Školník, M. (2021). Politicians on Social Media. The online database of members of national parliaments on Twitter. Profesional de La Información, 30(2), 1699–2407. doi: 10.3145/EPI.2021.MAR.17

Hassim, M. N., Arina, N., Nasir, M., Abdul, N., Zamri, K., & Ramli, S. M. (2022). Malaysian Youth Perception Towards Let’s Get Vaccinated Campaign Conducted by the Malaysian Government on Social Media. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Social Science, Humanities, Education and Society Development (ICONS 2021), 629, 179–189. doi: 10.2991/ASSEHR.K.220101.027

Heikkilä, R., Leguina, A., & Purhonen, S. (2020). The stratification of media usage in Finland, 2007–2018: Signs of socio-political polarization?: New Media & Society, 24(5), 1053–1075. doi: 10.1177/1461444820971612

Iglesias, R. B., & Alonso, Á. I. (2021). Political emotions and digital political mobilization in the new populist parties: the cases of Podemos and Vox in Spain. International Review of Sociology, 31(2), 246–267. doi: 10.1080/03906701.2021.1947948

Ihsanuddin, I. (2019, December 4). Digitroops: Hoaks di Medsos terkait Jokowi Jauh Lebih Banyak. Retrieved July 18, 2022, from https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2019/04/12/06505861/digitroops-hoaks-di-medsos-terkait-jokowi-jauh-lebih-banyak?page=all

Jackson, S. T., Crilley, R., Manor, I., Baker, C., Oshikoya, M., Joachim, J., Robinson, N., Schneiker, A., Grove, N. S., & Enloe, C. (2021). Forum: Militarization 2.0: Communication and the Normalization of Political Violence in the Digital Age. International Studies Review, 23(3), 1046–1071. doi: 10.1093/ISR/VIAA035

Jalli, N., & Idris, I. (2019). Fake News and Elections in Two Southeast Asian Nations: A Comparative Study of Malaysia General Election 2018 and Indonesia Presidential Election 2019. Proceedings of the International Conference of Democratisation in Southeast Asia (ICDeSA 2019), 367, 138–148. doi: 10.2991/ICDESA-19.2019.30

Johnston, M. P. (2017). Secondary Data Analysis: A Method of which the Time Has Come. Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Libraries, 3(3), 619–626. Retrieved from http://www.qqml-journal.net/index.php/qqml/article/view/169

Jones-Jang, S. M., Mortensen, T., & Liu, J. (2021). Does Media Literacy Help Identification of Fake News? Information Literacy Helps, but Other Literacies Don’t: American Behavioral Scientist, 65(2), 371–388. doi: 10.1177/0002764219869406

Kasmani, F. (2022). Persuasive political humour on social media: A study of Najib Razak’s Facebook posts. SEARCH: Journal of Media and Communication Research, 14(1), 1–17. Retrieved from http://search.taylors.edu.my

Kustiasih, R. (2020). Jejak Polarisasi Politik Masih Terasa. Retrieved July 18, 2022, from Kompas.id website: https://www.kompas.id/baca/polhuk/2020/10/26/jejak-polarisasi-politik-masih-kentara

Larrondo-Ureta, A., & Meso-Ayerdi, K. (2022). Political Communication Evolution in the Digital Hybrid Media System: Innovation and Experimentation as Strategies Towards a New Paradigm. In Digital Political Communication Strategies (pp. 43–58). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-81568-4_3

Latief, M. I. (2019). Efek Post Truth pada Partisipasi Pemilih Pemilu 2019 (Kajian Sosiologi Komunikasi). KAREBA : Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 8(2), 275–288. doi: 10.31947/KAREBA.V8I2.9856

Lee, T. (2019). The global rise of “fake news” and the threat to democratic elections in the USA. Public Administration and Policy, 22(1), 15–24. doi: 10.1108/PAP-04-2019-0008/FULL/PDF

Lorenzo-Rodríguez, J., & Torcal, M. (2022). Twitter and Affective Polarisation: Following Political Leaders in Spain. South European Society and Politics, 27(1), 147–173. doi: 10.1080/13608746.2022.2047554

Marcinkowski, F., & Došenović, P. (2020). From incidental exposure to intentional avoidance: Psychological reactance to political communication during the 2017 German national election campaign: New Media & Society, 23(3), 457–478. doi: 10.1177/1461444820902104

Matli, W., & Ngoepe, M. (2020). Capitalizing on digital literacy skills for capacity development of people who are not in education, employment or training in South Africa. African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, 12(2), 129–139. doi: 10.1080/20421338.2019.1624008

Medero, R. S. (2021). Democratization in Political Communication. Political Studies Review, 19(4), 607–623. doi: 10.1177/1478929920924930

Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative Data Analysis (II). Newbury Park, CA.: SAGE Publications Inc.

Muhtadi, B. (2021, September 6). Resentment, Polarisasi, dan Pilihan Politik. Retrieved July 18, 2022, from Media Indonesia website: https://mediaindonesia.com/kolom-pakar/430551/resentment-polarisasi-dan-pilihan-politik

Nieubuurt, J. T. (2020). Internet Memes: Leaflet Propaganda of the Digital Age. Frontiers in Communication, 5, 116. doi: 10.3389/FCOMM.2020.547065/BIBTEX

Orfan, S. N. (2020). Political participation of Afghan Youths on Facebook: A case study of Northeastern Afghanistan. Cogent Social Sciences, 7(1), 1857916. doi: 10.1080/23311886.2020.1857916

Papakyriakopoulos, O., Serrano, J. C. M., & Hegelich, S. (2020). Political communication on social media: A tale of hyperactive users and bias in recommender systems. Online Social Networks and Media, 15, 100058. doi: 10.1016/J.OSNEM.2019.100058

Pedriza, S. B. (2021). Sources, Channels and Strategies of Disinformation in the 2020 US Election: Social Networks, Traditional Media and Political Candidates. Journalism and Media, 2(4), 605–624. doi: 10.3390/JOURNALMEDIA2040036

Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2021). The Psychology of Fake News. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 25(5), 388–402. doi: 10.1016/J.TICS.2021.02.007

Perloff, R. M. (2021). The dynamics of political communication: Media and politics in a digital age (3rd ed.). New York: Taylor and Francis. Retrieved from https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780429298851/dynamics-political-communication-richard-perloff

Petkevic, V., & Nai, A. (2022). Political Attacks in 280 Characters or Less: A New Tool for the Automated Classification of Campaign Negativity on Social Media. American Politics Research, 50(3), 279–302. doi: 10.1177/1532673X211055676

Qurtuby, S. Al. (2018). Kenapa Jokowi Menunjuk Ma’ruf Amin? Retrieved July 18, 2022, from DW website: https://www.dw.com/id/menurut-anda-mengapa-jokowi-menunjuk-maruf-amin/a-45128524

Rodríguez-Ferrándiz, R., Sánchez-Olmos, C., Hidalgo-Marí, T., & Saquete-Boro, E. (2021). Memetics of Deception: Spreading Local Meme Hoaxes during COVID-19 1st Year. Future Internet, 13(6), 152. doi: 10.3390/FI13060152

Shehata, A., & Strömbäck, J. (2018). Learning Political News From Social Media: Network Media Logic and Current Affairs News Learning in a High-Choice Media Environment: Communication Research, 48(1), 125–147. doi: 10.1177/0093650217749354

Shifman, L. (2013). Memes in a Digital World: Reconciling with a Conceptual Troublemaker. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 18(3), 362–377. doi: 10.1111/JCC4.12013

Shmargad, Y., & Sanchez, L. (2020). Social Media Influence and Electoral Competition. Social Science Computer Review, 40(1), 4–23. doi: 10.1177/0894439320906803

Sihidi, I. T., Roziqin, A., & Suhermanto, D. F. (2020). Pertarungan Populisme Islam dalam Pemilihan Presiden 2019. JIIP: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pemerintahan, 5(2), 174–189. doi: 10.14710/jiip.v5i2.8516

Simanjuntak, J. (2019, January 26). Diserang Isu Hoax, Jokowi Bantah Tuduhan Anti-Islam. Retrieved July 18, 2022, from Tribunnews.com website: https://www.tribunnews.com/nasional/2019/01/26/diserang-isu-hoax-jokowi-bantah-tuduhan-anti-islam

Stellefson, M., Paige, S. R., Chaney, B. H., & Chaney, J. D. (2020). Evolving Role of Social Media in Health Promotion: Updated Responsibilities for Health Education Specialists. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(4), 1–7. doi: 10.3390/IJERPH17041153

Thomas, D. R. (2006). A General Inductive Approach for Analyzing Qualitative Evaluation Data. American Journal of Evaluation, 27(2), 237–246. doi: 10.1177/1098214005283748

Tosatto, J., Cox, J., & Nguyen, T. (2022). With a little help from my friends: The role of online creator-fan communication channels in the success of creative crowdfunding campaigns. Computers in Human Behavior, 127, 1–38. doi: 10.1016/J.CHB.2021.107005

Tsoumou, J. M. (2020). Analysing speech acts in politically related Facebook communication. Journal of Pragmatics, 167, 80–97. doi: 10.1016/J.PRAGMA.2020.06.004

Tucker, J. A., Theocharis, Y., Roberts, M. E., & Barberá, P. (2017). From Liberation to Turmoil: Social Media And Democracy. Journal of Democracy, 28(4), 46–59. doi: 10.1353/JOD.2017.0064

Vaccari, C. (2022). The International and Post-disciplinary Journey of Political Communication: Reflections on “Media-centric and Politics-centric Views of Media and Democracy: A Longitudinal Analysis of Political Communication and the International Journal of Press/Politics. Political Communication, 39(2), 286–290. doi: 10.1080/10584609.2021.1966599

Varughese, A. M., & Semetko, H. A. (2022). Political campaigning in India: changing contexts of political communication. South Asian History and Culture, 13(3), 267–284. doi: 10.1080/19472498.2022.2093468

Veneti, A., Lilleker, D. G., & Jackson, D. (2022). Between analogue and digital: A critical exploration of strategic social media use in Greek election campaigns. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 19(1), 50–64. doi: 10.1080/19331681.2021.1913689

Workneh, T. W. (2020). Social media, protest, & outrage communication in Ethiopia: toward fractured publics or pluralistic polity? Information, Communication & Society, 24(3), 309–328. doi: 10.1080/1369118X.2020.1811367

Young, J. (2021). Leadership Resilience in a Digital Age. In Leadership Resilience in a Digital Age (1st ed.). London: Taylor and Francis. doi: 10.4324/9780367280970




DOI: https://doi.org/10.24198/jwp.v7i2.40869

Copyright (c) 2022 Febby Widjayanto, Sidrotun Naim, Sabil Mokodenseho

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

 JWP (Jurnal Wacana Politik) Indexed By:

Google Scholar width=  Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE) WorldCat Indonesia One Search                 

 

 

Published By:

Departement of Political Science
Campus of Faculty of Social and Political Science
Universitas Padjajaran, Building D, 2nd floor
Jl. Raya Sumedang Km.21, Jatinangor, Sumedang

  

Lisensi Creative Commons Creation is distributed below Lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi 4.0 Internasional.