*Corresponding author,
e-mail : norisca.aliza@gmail.com (N. A. Putriana)
https://doi.org/10.24198/idjp.v1i3.21556
© 2019 Putriana et al
Vol 1, Issue 3, 2019 (69-73)
http://journal.unpad.ac.id/idjp
Formulation and Physical Stability Testing of Chitosan Gel from Vaname Shrimp
Shell (Litopenaeus vannamei) with Carbopol 940 Gelling Agent
Norisca A. Putriana*, Taok Rusdiana , M. A. A. Prakoso
Department of Pharmaceutis and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran
Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang KM 21 Jatinangor Sumedang
Received: 17 May 2019/Revised: 23 May 2019/Accepted: 18 Sep 2019/Published: 1 Oct 2019
ABSTRACT

injury or pathologic process resulting in epithelium discontinuity, with or without lossing underlying
connective tissue. The use of chitosan in medicine, especially in surgery, gives many advantages in
terms of wound healing that stimulates hemostasis of cell. Chitosan gel is one of alternative wound

In this study, physical stability of chitosan gel formulations was tested in various concentration of
carbopol 940 as a gelling agent i.e, 0,5%, 1% and 1,5%. The parameters observed during the physical
stability testing of this gel research were pH, viscosity, spreadability, homogeneity, organoleptic and
sineresis gel. The result of the physical stability testing of chitosan gel stored for 56 days showed that
formula 1 has the best result according to all parameters. Formula 1 has pH 5,8-6,2 at 25
o
C and 40
o
C,
the best organoleptic stability, viscosity shift 9% at 25
o
C and 13,8% at 40
o
C, spreadability shift 10,9%
at 25
o
C and 14,4% at 40
o
C. In conclusion, the best chitosan gel formulation for physical stability testing
is chitosan gel with carbopol 940 concentration of 0.5%
Keywords: Wound, Chitosan gel, Physical Stability
1. Introduction
         
outermost part of the human body. The main

       
is damaged. Injuries can be caused by sharp or
blunt objects, temperature changes, chemicals,
      
An incision wound is a wound caused by a sharp
instrument, for example, a wound caused by surgery.
Chitosan is a derivative of chitin after
       
-2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose chemical formula,
a natural polymer that can be used as a natural
biomaterial to repair damaged tissue because it
has several advantages over synthetic biomaterials

surgery, has many advantages for wound healing,
       
     
       


and anthelmintic activity that will prevent it from
      
    
sunscreen, moisturizer, and immunomodulator

The use of chitosan gel is one of alternative wound
treatments that still requires improvement especially

      
how the formulation of a gel chitosan that uses
carbopol as its base is considered good in terms of
both its formula and its physical stability.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Tools
The tools used in this research were mortar,
     


    
spatula, refrigerator, and aluminum foil.
N.A. Putriana et al / Indo J Pharm 3 (2019) 69-73
70
2.2. Materials
The materials used in the research were Propylene


Propylparaben, Triethanolamine, and Distilled
Water.
Tabel 1. Chitosan Gel Formulation
Materials F1 F2 F3
Acetic Acid 1 % 5 5 5
Propylene glycol 10 10 10
Chitosan 1 1 1
Carbopol 940 0,5 1 1,5
Methylparaben 0,1 0,1 0,1
Propylparaben 0,01 0,01 0,01
Triethanolamine 0,25 0,25 0,25
Distilled Water Ad 100 Ad 100 Ad 100
2.3. Procedure of Making 1% Chitosan Gel
Heat up the distilled water which will be used
as a carbopol sweller up to 70
o
C. Then swell the
0.5/1/1.5% carbopol by using distilled water for
± 30 minutes and stir it continuously by using
a mechanical stirrer until the entire carbopol
dissolved. Mix the materials one by one until it all
becomes homogeneous.
2.4. Physical Stability Testing
Physical Stability Test in this research was
conducted for 2 months storage period at room

o

2
o
  
were organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, viscosity,
diverse power, and cycling test. These parameters
were observed at the point of day 0, 7, 14, 21, 28,
42, and 56. In addition to these parameters, there is
also an additional parameter, namely hedonic test.
2.5. Data Analysis
Data obtained were processed statistically
using SPSS software. The analysis done was the
    

treatment groups, one-way variance analysis
       
distributed and homogeneous. If the data are not

is performed.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. The Results of Gel Chitosan Formulation
The form made in this research was hydrogel.
Hydrogel is chosen because it has a good dispersive

        

is expected to have a consistency as an ointment
         
  
a gelling agent and propylene glycol as humectant.
Carbopol is often used as gelling agent because it can
give good gel characteristics. Carbopol gel also has

use of carbopol is at a concentration of 0.50-2.00%.
As for the use of Propylene glycol as humectant, it
is because it has good solubility with water and also
a good solvent for methylparaben preservatives.
Propylene glycol is also best used on damaged
     
      
basic agent and neutralizing agent that helps to
      
in the form of free amino is not always soluble
in water at pH over 6.5 so that it requires acid to
dissolve it. Chitosan is soluble in acetic acid and
dilute formic acid. Therefore, this research used 1%
acetic acid solution as much as 10 ml to dissolve 1
gram of chitosan into a viscous period that can be
mixed with other materials.
3.2. The Results of Physical Stability Test of
Chitosan Gel
Organoleptic observation results, including
color, odor, and homogeneity during storage at
room temperature 25C and high temperature of
40       
In general, the results of organoleptic test show
that the three formulas are homogeneously stable
during 56-day storage. However, in terms of color
and odor changes, the higher the concentration of
carbopol, the faster the color and odor changes.
3.3. The Results of pH Stability Test of Chitosan
Gel
The pH test examines the pH value of each
formula made. The test was performed by using
pH meter. The pH of the chitosan gel should be
N.A. Putriana et al / Indo J Pharm 3 (2019) 69-73
71
        
4.5-6.5 in order not to cause irritation and to
improve the acceptability of consumers. Based on
pH measurement data during storage at 25
C and
40
o
C, it can be concluded that the pH of the three

Figure 1. The Graphics of PH Change during Storage
Period at 25
o
C
Figure 2. The Graphics of PH Change during Storage
Period at 40
o
C
3.4. The results of Viscosity test of Chitosan Gel
       
        

is between 10-40 Pa.s because these gels are

      
gel. The viscosity level also aims to minimize the
water content of the gel so that when applied to the


       
more moist. The smaller viscosity shift means the
better the gel's physical stability. A gel is said to be
    
Accordingly, it can be concluded that of the three
gel formulas, formula 1 has the best stability among
all tested formulas, indicated by the lowest value of
viscosity shift i.e. 9% at 25
o
C and 13.8% at 40
o
C

       
Storage Period at 25
o
C
       
Storage Period at 40
o
C
3.5. The results of Diverse Power test of Chitosan
Gel
    
test is used for determining the easiness of the

Diverse power is inversely proportional to the
viscosity, namely the higher the viscosity the lower
the generated power, vice versa, the lower the

theory is also reinforced by the results of carbopol
N.A. Putriana et al / Indo J Pharm 3 (2019) 69-73
72
optimization that has been done before. The desired
gel permeability in the criteria is 4-7 cm. Moreover,
      
storage at 25°C and 40°C indicate that there is a

This change also occurs because of viscosity shift
that has been seen before.
Figure 5. The Graphics of Divertive Power Change
during Storage Period at 25
o
C
Figure 6. The Graphics of Diverse Power Change during
Storage Period at 40
o
C
3.6. The observation results of Cycling Test
This test was done to observe the synthesis of
gel. Syneresis was calculated by measuring the
weight loss during storage then compared it with
the initial weight of the gel. This test was conducted
for 6 cycles or 12 days and examined whether there
is any change in each Chitosan Gel.
Syneresis is the release of water from the gel
when the gel contracts so that it tends to squeeze
the water out of the cell. The observation results
of Cycling Test show the percentage value of the
weight reduction due to 6-cycle storage. The weight
reduction of formula 1 is 3,2%, formula 2 is 2,3%,
and formula 3 is 1.9%. As for overcoming the
decrease in water holding and syneresis, it can be
added by more carbopoles or other stabilizers in the
form of hydrocolloids or water-soluble polymers.
Table 2. The Observation Results of Cycling Test of
Chitosan Gel
Day- F1 F2 F3
0 0 0 0
56 96,8 97,7 98,1
 3,2 2,2 1,9
% 2,8% 2,3% 1,9%
3.7. The observation results of Hedonic Test
Hedonic test were conducted on 20 respondents
using texture, aroma, and appearance parameters
with Formula 1 as one showing the highest average
values, namely, 4 for texture, 3 for aroma, and 3.5
for appearance. The results of statistical analysis


texture, aroma, and appearance parameters, which
means it receives H1, namely the variation of the

hedonic value. Therefore, it is concluded that
      
       
respondents.
4. Conclusion
Based on this research results obtained from
the results of physical stability test and hedonic
test, the best formulation of chitosan gel from
   Litopenaeus vanamei
with a gelling agent carbopol 940 is formula 1.
Formula 1 is composed of chitosan 1%, 10ml
Acetic Acid- 1%, carbopol 940 0,5%, propylene
glycol 10ml, methylparaben 0.1%, Propylparaben
0.01%, Triethanolamine 0.25%, and distilled water
ad 100 ml.
The results of physical stability test of chitosan
gel during 56-day storage show that formula 1 has
the best result of all parameters. Formula 1 has
5.8-6.2 pH at 25
o
C and 40
o
C, the best organoleptic
stability, 9% viscosity shift at 25
o
C and 13.8% at
40oC, 10.9% shift of dispersive power at 25
o
C
N.A. Putriana et al / Indo J Pharm 3 (2019) 69-73
73
and 14.4% at 40°C, and values in the hedonic
test namely 4 for texture, 3 for aroma, and 3.5 for
appearance.
5. Suggestion
Further research may be done to determine the
chemical stability of these chitosan gel and the

wound as well.
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