Antimicrobial efficacy of calcium hydroxide nanoparticle and nisin against Enterococcus faecalis in root canal therapy: an experimental study

Atia Nurul Sidiqa, Myrna Nurlatifah Zakaria

Abstract


Introduction: Failure in root canal therapy is often attributed to the incomplete elimination of pathogenic bacteria within infected canals. Enterococcus faecalis is the commonly identified bacteria in persistent cases. Its resistance to high pH environments is primarily mediated by a proton pump mechanism, which reduces the antimicrobial efficacy of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2). Nisin, an antimicrobial peptide, exerts its bactericidal action by disrupting bacterial plasma membranes, leading to cell lysis. The study aimed to evaluate antimicrobial efficacy of Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles and their combination with nisin against E. faecalis. Methods: In the first phase, eight concentration of nisin (10-200 mg/mL) and three concentrations of Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles (0.425-1.7 mg/mL) were tested using the agar diffusion method against E. faecalis on days 1 and 5. In the second phase, Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles were combined with the most effective nisin concentration identified in phase one (100 and 150mg/mL), and antimicrobial activity was assessed on days 1, 3, 7, and 14. All experiments were conducted in triplicate to ensure reproducibility, and data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc testing (α=0.05). Results: Nisin at 100 mg/mL and 150 mg/mL produced the largest inhibition zones (14.33 mm and 13.83 mm, respectively). The combination of Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles and nisin demonstrated reduced antimicrobial activity compared with Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles alone on days 7 and 14. Conclusions: Both Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles and nisin exhibited antimicrobial effects against E. faecalis. Nisin alone was more effective than Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles; however, their combination resulted in a diminished antimicrobial effect, suggesting a possible interaction or interference between the two agents. 



Efektivitas antimikroba nanopartikel kalsium hidroksida dan nisin terhadap Enterococcus faecalis pada perawatan saluran akar: studi eksperimen


Pendahuluan: Kegagalan perawatan saluran akar umumnya disebabkan oleh pembersihan bakteri patogen yang tidak efektif di saluran akar yang terinfeksi. Bakteri E. faecalis adalah bakteri persisten yang menjadi etiologi pada kasus ini. Bakteri E. faecalis memiliki mekanisme pompa proton yang mampu melawan aksi ion OH-, sehingga menghambat efektivitas Ca(OH)2. Antimikroba lain, yaitu Nisin merupakan peptida yang mampu menembus membran plasma bakteri dan menyebabkan lisis sel. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengevaluasi efektivitas nanopartikel Ca(OH)2 dan kombinasinya dengan nisin terhadap E. faecalis. Metode: Pada tahap pertama, penelitian terdiri dari 8 kelompok nisin dengan konsentrasi (10-200 mg/mL) dan 3 kelompok nanopartikel Ca(OH)2 konsentrasi (0,425-1,7 mg/mL). Semua kelompok diuji dengan metode difusi terhadap E. faecalis pada hari ke-1 dan ke-5. Bagian kedua, nanopartikel Ca(OH)2 dikombinasikan dengan konsentrasi nisin paling efektif dari penelitian tahap pertama (100 dan 150 mg/mL), kemudian diuji efektivitasnya pada hari ke-1, 3, 7, dan 14. Semua perlakuan diulang sebanyak tiga kali untuk memastikan standarisasi hasil. Analisis statistik dilakukan dengan uji ANOVA dan analisis post hoc (α=0,05). Hasil: Nisin dengan konsentrasi 100 mg/mL dan 150 mg/mL menunjukkan zona hambat terbesar, yaitu 14,33 dan 13,83 mm. Kombinasi nanopartikel Ca(OH)2 dan nisin menghasilkan zona hambat yang lebih kecil di pada pengukuran di hari ke-7 dan 14 dibandingkan dengan nanopartikel Ca(OH)2. Kesimpulan: Nanopartikel Ca(OH)2 dan nisin memiliki efek antimikroba terhadap E. faecalis. Nisin menunjukkan efek antimikroba yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan nanopartikel Ca(OH)2, namun kombinasinya dengan nanopartikel Ca(OH)2 menghasilkan penurunan efektivitas antimikroba pada bakteri E. faecalis.

Keywords


Antimicrobial, E. faecalis, calcium hydroxide, root canal medicament, nisin

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References


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DOI: https://doi.org/10.24198/jkg.v37i2.63132

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