Evaluating the Processing of Hides within a Green Industry Framework: Implications for Sustainable Livestock By-product Utilization

Dian Nur Amalia, Qori Nur Fauziah, Atiqa Rahmawati, Baskoro Ajie, Fadzkurisma Robbika

Abstract


The leather industry is an important sector in utilizing livestock by-products, contributing to economic value addition and resource efficiency in animal production. However, conventional tanning processes remain a major environmental concern due to the excessive use of hazardous chemicals such as chromium and salt. This review aims to analyze cleaner tanning innovations that support sustainable livestock hide production and explore their potential integration into circular livestock systems. The study was conducted through an extensive literature review of national and international sources focusing on enzymatic tanning, vegetable tanning, and the application of circular bio-economy concepts. The findings indicate that the use of enzymes, plant extracts, and biopolymers can reduce the dependency on toxic chemicals, decrease wastewater load, and improve water and energy efficiency. Integrating these innovations within circular livestock systems enhances the utilization of livestock by-products, including waste conversion into biogas, organic fertilizer, and bio-based tanning materials. Therefore, the development of cleaner tanning technology based on livestock hides is a strategic approach toward establishing a green leather industry that supports sustainable livestock production.


Keywords


Animal hides, Circular leather industry, Eco-friendly tanning, Livestock waste

Full Text:

PDF

References


Agustien, A., Nurhajati, J., Udin, L. Z., & Aditiawati, P. (2015). Produksi protease alkali dan keratinase dari Brevibacillus agri a-03 termofilik. Jurnal Riset Kimia, 4(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.25077/jrk.v4i1.44.

Arunachalam, C., & Saritha, K. (2009). Protease enzyme: an eco-friendly alternative for leather industry. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 2(12). Retrieved from http://www.indjst.orgIndianJ.Sci.Technol.

Auad, P., Spier, F., & Gutterres, M. (2020). Vegetable tannin composition and its association with the leather tanning effect. Chemical Engineering Communications, 207(5), 722–732. https://doi.org/10.1080/00986445.2019.1618843.

Balakrishnan, A., Kanchinadham, S. B. K., & Kalyanaraman, C. (2020). Studies on the effect of pre-treatment of vegetable tanning process wastewater prior to biological treatment. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 8(4), 104020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.104020.

Bastanian, M., Olad, A., & Ghorbani, M. (2025). Sustainable chrome-free leather manufacturing through the aldehyde-vegetable combination tanning method based on biomass-derived dialdehyde carboxymethyl cellulose and mimosa tannin. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 306, 141554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.141554.

Bharagava, R. N., & Mishra, S. (2018). Hexavalent chromium reduction potential of Cellulosimicrobium sp. isolated from common effluent treatment plant of tannery industries. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 147, 102–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.08.040.

Bizerra, C.V., Sales, M. B., Fernandes Melo, R. L., Andrade do Nascimento, J. G., Junior, J. B., França Silva, M. P., … Sousa dos Santos, J. C. (2024). Opportunities for cleaner leather processing based on protease enzyme: Current evidence from an advanced bibliometric analysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 191, 114162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.114162.

Cao, S., Song, J., Li, H., Wang, K., Li, Y., Li, Y., … Liu, B. (2020). Improving characteristics of biochar produced from collagen-containing solid wastes based on protease application in leather production. Waste Management, 105, 531–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.02.043.

Chi, Z., Ma, C., Wang, P., & Li, H. F. (2007). Optimization of medium and cultivation conditions for alkaline protease production by the marine yeast Aureobasidium pullulans. Bioresource Technology, 98(3), 534–538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2006.02.006.

China, C. R., Hilonga, A., Nyandoro, S. S., Schroepfer, M., Kanth, S. V., Meyer, M., & Njau, K. N. (2020). Suitability of selected vegetable tannins traditionally used in leather making in Tanzania. Journal of Cleaner Production, 251, 119687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119687.

Conca, S., Gatto, V., Samiolo, R., Giovando, S., Cassani, A., Tarabra, E., & Beghetto, V. (2024). Characterisation and tanning effects of purified chestnut and sulfited quebracho extracts. Collagen and Leather, 6(1), 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42825-024-00171-9.

Contesini, F. J., Melo, R. R. de, & Sato, H. H. (2018). An overview of Bacillus proteases: from production to application. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 38(3), 321–334. https://doi.org/10.1080/07388551.2017.1354354.

Covington, A. D., & Wise, W. R. (2019). Tanning Chemistry: The Science of Leather (2nd ed.). Retrieved from https://books.google.co.id/books?id=LlO_DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false.

Covington, M. (2009). Self-worth theory: Retrospection and prospects. In K. R. Wenzel & A. Wigfield (Eds.). Handbook of motivation at school (pp. 141–169). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.

Dahlia, P., & Sembiring, S. B. (2023). Keberadaan Industri Penyamakan Kulit Nabati Secara Tradisional di Kota Padang Panjang. DESKOVI: Art and Design Journal, 6(1), 42. https://doi.org/10.51804/deskovi.v6i1.10672.

Das, A. K., Islam, Md. N., Faruk, Md. O., Ashaduzzaman, Md., & Dungani, R. (2020). Review on tannins: Extraction processes, applications and possibilities. South African Journal of Botany, 135, 58–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2020.08.008.

Das, R. K., Mizan, A., Zohra, F. T., Ahmed, S., Ahmed, K. S., & Hossain, H. (2022). Extraction of a novel tanning agent from indigenous plant bark and its application in leather processing. Journal of Leather Science and Engineering, 4(1), 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42825-022-00092-5.

Devi, A., Verma, M., Saratale, G. D., Saratale, R. G., Ferreira, L. F. R., Mulla, S. I., & Bharagava, R. N. (2023). Microalgae: A green eco-friendly agents for bioremediation of tannery wastewater with simultaneous production of value-added products. Chemosphere, 336, 139192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139192.

Ebtasam, Hasan, Md. N.B., Nayak, R. K., Milon, Md. A.H., & Ali, Md. F. (2025). Nano silica and meso silica extracted from rice husk waste utilized for enhancing leather properties. Polymer Testing, 142, 108680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2024.108680.

Fan, Q., Liu, M., Chen, J., Li, X., Ma, T., Wang, L., … Ma, J. (2025). An up-and-coming youngster engaged in collagen modification: Zirconium halide perovskite nanocrystals as chromium-free tanning agent. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 309, 143104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.143104.

Fang, Z., Yong, Y.-C., Zhang, J., Du, G., & Chen, J. (2017). Keratinolytic protease: a green biocatalyst for leather industry. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 101(21), 7771–7779. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-017-8484-1.

Fatema-Tuj-Zohra, Shakil, Md. S. R., Aktar, Mst. S., Rahman, S., & Ahmed, S. (2023). A novel vegetable tannin for eco-leather production: separation, characterization and application of facile valorized indigenous Acacia nilotica bark extract. Bioresource Technology Reports, 23, 101591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2023.101591.

George, N., Sondhi, S., Soni, S. K., & Gupta, N. (2014). Lime and Sulphide-Free Dehairing of Animal Skin Using Collagenase-Free Alkaline Protease from Vibrio metschnikovii NG155. Indian Journal of Microbiology, 54(2), 139–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-013-0434-8.

Girmay, H., Mengistu, A., Assefa, B., Abewaa, M., Andualem, G., & Yeheyis, B. (2024). The development of chrome free chestnut and Tetrakis Hydroxymethyl Phosphonium Sulfate based Eco-benign combination tanning system. Heliyon, 10(1), e23141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23141.

Gizaw, B., Alemu, T., Ebsa, G., & Tsegaye, Z. (2024). Fungi species identified from polluted environment for chromium sequestration and solid state fermentation on tannery shaving waste. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 61, 103352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2024.103352.

Goudarzi, B. G. H., Talebi, M., Bagherian, R., & Hosseini, R.H. (2011). A simple, fast and commercial method for trypsin purification from bovine pancreas. Veterinary Research & Biological Products, 24(1), 33–39. https://vj.areeo.ac.ir/article_101105.html?lang=en.

Grasel, F. S., & Ferrão, M. F. (2016). A rapid and non-invasive method for the classification of natural tannin extracts by near-infrared spectroscopy and PLS-DA. Analytical Methods, 8(3), 644–649. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5AY02526E.

Hansen, É., de Aquim, P. M., & Gutterres, M. (2021). Environmental assessment of water, chemicals and effluents in leather post-tanning process: A review. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 89, 106597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2021.106597.

Hassan, M.M., Harris, Busfield, J.J.C., & Bilotti, E. 2023. A review of the green chemistry approaches to leather tanning in imparting sustainable leather manufacturing. Green Chemistry 25(19):7441–69. doi: 10.1039/D3GC02948D.

Herminiwati, H., Waskito, S., Purwanti, C. M. H., Prayitno, P., & Ningsih, D. (2015). Pembuatan bahan penyamak nano nabati dan aplikasinya dalam penyamakan kulit. Majalah Kulit, Karet, Dan Plastik, 31(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.20543/mkkp.v31i1.180.

Humayra, S., Hossain, L., Hasan, S. R., & Khan, M. S. (2023). Water Footprint Calculation, Effluent Characteristics and Pollution Impact Assessment of Leather Industry in Bangladesh. Water, 15(3), 378. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15030378.

Kanagaraj, J., Velappan, K. C., Babu, N. K. C., & Sadulla, S. (2006). Solid Wastes Generation in the Leather Industry and Its Utilization for Cleaner Environment. ChemInform, 37(49). https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.200649273.

Kanth, S. V., Venba, R., Madhan, B., Chandrababu, N. K., & Sadulla, S. (2009). Cleaner tanning practices for tannery pollution abatement: Role of enzymes in eco-friendly vegetable tanning. Journal of Cleaner Production, 17(5), 507–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2008.08.021.

Khan, A., Mehmood, K., Nadhman, A., Khan, S. U., Shah, A. A., & Shah, Z. (2024). Microbial production of keratinase from Bacillus velezensis strain MAMA: A novel enzyme for eco-friendly degradation of keratin waste. Heliyon, 10(12), e32338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32338.

Krakowska-Sieprawska, A., Kiełbasa, A., Rafińska, K., Ligor, M., & Buszewski, B. (2022). Modern Methods of Pre-Treatment of Plant Material for the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds. Molecules, 27(3), 730. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030730.

Kusumawati, F., Riyadi, P. H., & Rianingsih, L. (2016). Applications Indigo (Indigofera Tinctoria L.) as Natural Dyeing in Milkfish [Chanos Chanos (Forsskal, 1775)] Skin Tanning Process. Aquatic Procedia, 7, 92–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqpro.2016.07.012.

Laksanawati, T. A., Khirzin, M. H., & Shinta, K. M. (2022). PEMURNIAN DAN UJI AKTIVITAS PROTEASE SULFIHIDRIL BATANG KAMBOJA (Plumeria obusta). AGRIBIOS, 20(2), 235. https://doi.org/10.36841/agribios.v20i2.2232.

Lasoń-Rydel, M., Sieczyńska, K., Gendaszewska, D., Ławińska, K., & Olejnik, T. P. (2024). Use of enzymatic processes in the tanning of leather materials. AUTEX Research Journal, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.1515/aut-2023-0012.

Liang, S., Wang, X., Hao, D., Yang, J., & Dang, X. (2023). Facile synthesis of a new eco-friendly epoxy-modified oligomeric chitosan-based chrome-free tanning agent towards sustainable processing of functional leather. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 172, 753–763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2023.02.066.

Liang, S., Wang, X., Xie, L., Liu, X., & Dang, X. (2024). Discarded enoki mushroom root-derived multifunctional chrome-free chitosan-based tanning agent for eco-leathers manufacturing: Tanning-dyeing, non-acid soaking, and non-basifying. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 275, 133394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133394.

Lyu, B., Cheng, K., Ma, J., Hou, X., Gao, D., Gao, H., … Qi, Y. (2017). A cleaning and efficient approach to improve wet-blue sheepleather quality by enzymatic degreasing. Journal of Cleaner Production, 148, 701–708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.01.170.

Ma, J., Shen, Y., Yao, H., Fan, Q., Zhang, W., & Yan, H. (2025). A novel method to enhance the efficiency of aldehyde tanning agents via collagen amination. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 287, 138564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.138564.

Mengistie, E., Smets, I., & Van Gerven, T. (2016). Ultrasound assisted chrome tanning: Towards a clean leather production technology. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 32, 204–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.03.002.

Mohammed, S. A., Madhan, B., Demissie, B. A., Velappan, B., & Tamil Selvi, A. (2016). Rumex abyssinicus (mekmeko) Ethiopian plant material for preservation of goat skins: Approach for cleaner leather manufacture. Journal of Cleaner Production, 133, 1043–1052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.06.043.

Monga, A., Fulke, A. B., & Dasgupta, D. (2022). Recent developments in essentiality of trivalent chromium and toxicity of hexavalent chromium: Implications on human health and remediation strategies. Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances, 7, 100113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2022.100113.

Musa, A. E., & Rao, J. R. (2011). Henna-aluminum Combination tannage: a greener alternative tanning SyStem henna-aluminum. Article in Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271371011.

Musa, A., & Gasmelseed, G. (2013). Development of Eco-friendly Combination Tanning System for the Manufacture of Upper Leathers. International Journal of Advanced Industrial Engineering, 1, 9–15.

Mustafa, M. A., Noyon, M. A. R., Uddin, M. E., & Islam, R. (2024). Sustainable leather tanning with Pontederia crassipes tannin: A promising eco-friendly alternative. Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 18, 100717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2023.100717.

Mutiar, S., Kasim, A., Emriadi, E., & Asben, A. (2019). Studi awal tanin dari kulit kayu Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. dari hutan tanaman industri untuk bahan penyamak kulit. Majalah Kulit, Karet, Dan Plastik, 34(2), 41. https://doi.org/10.20543/mkkp.v34i2.3967.

Mutiar, S., Yusmita, L., & Aini, N. (2024). Karakteristik Kulit Tersamak Dengan Bahan Penyamak Nabati Alternatif Studi : Perlakuan PH Asam Dan Basa Pada Larutan Penyamakan. Jurnal Penelitian Dan Pengkajian Ilmiah Eksakta, 3(2), 36–39. https://doi.org/10.47233/jppie.v3i2.1523.

Nachimuthu, S., Nehru, L., & Kathirvel, P. (2022). Biological Liquefaction and Dehairing of Tannery Hides Using Protease Crude Extract from Bacillus Safensis. Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal (BBRJ), 6(3), 326–336. https://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_96_22.

Nirmalawati, E., Pertiwiningrum, A., & Abidin, M. Z. (2025). The Chemical Properties Of Eco-Print Leather-Tanned With Vegetable Tanning Agent: Gambier. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1484(1), 012029. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1484/1/012029.

Paul, T., Halder, S. K., Das, A., Bera, S., Maity, C., Mandal, A., … Mondal, K. C. (2013). Exploitation of chicken feather waste as a plant growth promoting agent using keratinase producing novel isolate Paenibacillus woosongensis TKB2. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 2(1), 50–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2012.10.001.

PMarketResearch. (2024). Tanning agents market: Industry analysis, trends, and forecast. PMarketResearch. https://pmarketresearch.com/chemi/tanning-agents-market/

Pradeep, S., Sundaramoorthy, S., Sathish, M., Jayakumar, G. C., Rathinam, A., Madhan, B., … Rao, J. R. (2021). Chromium-free and waterless vegetable-aluminium tanning system for sustainable leather manufacture. Chemical Engineering Journal Advances, 7, 100108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceja.2021.100108.

Rahman, K. T., Alam, Md. N.-E., & Khan, M. N. (2025). Water-borne chitosan/CuO-GO nanocomposite as an antibacterial coating for functional leather with enhanced mechanical and thermal properties. RSC Advances, 15(16), 12162–12178. https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA00225G.

Rai, M. K., Kumar, M., Singhania, R. R., & Giri, B. S. (2025). Tannery waste management and cleaner production of leather in beam house and tanning section: A review. Bioresource Technology Reports, 30, 102116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102116.

Sabatini, F., Corsi, I., Ceccarini, A., Brillanti, M., Colombini, M. P., & Bonaduce, I. (2023). Pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry: A promising tool for disclosing metal-free tanning agents used in leather industry. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 169, 105803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2022.105803.

Sahu, B., KT, A., S, B., & Shameni, J. (2025). Cross-linked and lubricated collagen- Madhuca Indica oil-based metal free tanning and fatliquoring process. Next Research, 2(2), 100296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexres.2025.100296.

Sanghvi, G., Patel, H., Vaishnav, D., Oza, T., Dave, G., Kunjadia, P., & Sheth, N. (2016). A novel alkaline keratinase from Bacillus subtilis DP1 with potential utility in cosmetic formulation. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 87, 256–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.02.067.

Santika, F., Riyadi, H., Dwi, A., Program, A., Teknologi, S., Perikanan, H., … Kelautan, I. (2014). The Effect of Long Soaking with Papain Enzyme on Bating Process to Quality of Tanned Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Skin. Jurnal Pengolahan dan Bioteknologi Hasil Perikanan (Vol. 4). Retrieved from http://www.ejournal-s1.undip.ac.id/index.php/jpbhp.

Saran, S., Mahajan, R. V., Kaushik, R., Isar, J., & Saxena, R. K. (2013). Enzyme mediated beam house operations of leather industry: a needed step towards greener technology. Journal of Cleaner Production, 54, 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.04.017.

Saranya, R., Prasanna, R., Jayapriya, J., Aravindhan, R., & Tamil Selvi, A. (2016). Value addition of fish waste in the leather industry for dehairing. Journal of Cleaner Production, 118, 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.12.103.

Sathish, M., Madhan, B., & Raghava Rao, J. (2019). Leather solid waste: An eco-benign raw material for leather chemical preparation – A circular economy example. Waste Management, 87, 357–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.02.026.

Sawalha, H., Alsharabaty, R., Sarsour, S., & Al-Jabari, M. (2019). Wastewater from leather tanning and processing in Palestine: Characterization and management aspects. Journal of Environmental Management, 251, 109596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109596.

Shaha, R. K., Badruzaman, N. A. B., Afandi, A., & Shaha, S. S. (2013). Isolation and Characterization of Cysteine Protease From Leguminous Cotyledons. Journal of Advanced Laboratory Research in Biology, 4(2), 63–73.

Sivakumar, V., Ilanhtiraiyan, S., Ilayaraja, K., Ashly, A., & Hariharan, S. (2014). Influence of ultrasound on Avaram bark (Cassia auriculata) tannin extraction and tanning. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 92(10), 1827–1833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2014.04.007.

Sun, X. D., Feng, D., Xu, J., Gao, X., Yan, K., & Tian, Z. (2025). Mesoporous silica modified zwitterionic poly(ionic liquids) with enhanced absorption for Cr3+ and dye as a tanning agent. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 396, 113742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2025.113742.

Susanto, H. B., & Ajie, B. (2024). THE EFFECT OF COMBINATION VEGETABLE TANNING MATERIALS AND SULPHITED OIL ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF JACKET LEATHER. Berkala Penelitian Teknologi Kulit, Sepatu, Dan Produk Kulit, 21(2), 297–207. https://doi.org/10.58533/rhvpj273.

Susanto, H. B., & Juhana, S. (2023). Reduction of Pollutants in the Tanning Industry Using the Reverse Tanning Method against the Physical Properties of Leather. Leather and Footwear Journal, 23(1), 3–10. https://doi.org/10.24264/lfj.23.1.1.

Tamilselvi, A., Jayakumar, G. C., Sri Charan, K., Sahu, B., Deepa, P. R., Kanth, S. V., & Kanagaraj, J. (2019). Extraction of cellulose from renewable resources and its application in leather finishing. Journal of Cleaner Production, 230, 694–699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.401.

Tasca, A. L., & Puccini, M. (2019). Leather tanning: Life cycle assessment of retanning, fatliquoring and dyeing. Journal of Cleaner Production, 226, 720–729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.335.

Teklemedhin, T. B., Gebretsadik, T. T., Gebrehiwet, T. B., Gebrekidan, G. A., Edris, M., Teklegiorgis, N. T., & Hagos, K. B. (2023). Vegetable Tannins as Chrome-Free Leather Tanning. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2023, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6220778.

Thanikaivelan, P., Rao, J. R., Nair, B. U., & Ramasami, T. (2004). Progress and recent trends in biotechnological methods for leather processing. Trends in Biotechnology, 22(4), 181–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2004.02.008.

Triatmojo, S., & Wibowo, R.L.M.S.A. (2012). Akumulasi dan Reduksi Limbah Penyamakan Kulit dengan Biomassa Mucor Sp. dan Fusarium Sp. Buletin Peternakan, 27(3), 129. https://doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v27i3.1477.

Troncoso, D. F., Sánchez, D.A., & Ferreira, M.L. (2022). Production of Plant Proteases and New Biotechnological Applications: An Updated Review. ChemistryOpen, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.1002/open.202200017.

Ugbede, A. S., Abioye, O. P., Aransiola, S. A., Oyewole, O. A., Maddela, N. R., & Prasad, R. (2023). Production, optimization and partial purification of bacterial and fungal proteases for animal skin dehairing: A sustainable development in leather-making process. Bioresource Technology Reports, 24, 101632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2023.101632.

Wang, X., Su, R., Hao, D., & Dang, X. (2022). Sustainable utilization of corn starch resources: A novel soluble starch-based functional chrome-free tanning agent for the eco-leather production. Industrial Crops and Products, 187, 115534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.115534.

Yang, F., Zhang, Z., Yuan, J., Xu, J., Ji, Q., & Bai, Y. 2024. Eco-friendly production of leather-like material from bacterial cellulose and waste resources. Journal of Cleaner Production 476:143700. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.143700.

Yin, D., Zhong, Y., & Hu, J. (2025). Microbial polysaccharides biosynthesis and their regulatory strategies. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 308, 143013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.143013.

Zhang, J., & Chen, W. (2020). A rapid and cleaner chrome tanning technology based on ultrasound and microwave. Journal of Cleaner Production, 247, 119452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119452.

Zhang, L., Cheng, Q., Wang, C., Huang, C., & Lin, W. (2024). Energy-saving and low-carbon leather production: AI-assisted chrome tanning process optimization. Journal of Cleaner Production, 457, 142464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.142464.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.24198/jthp.v7i1.68739

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal Teknologi Hasil Peternakan

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Jurnal Teknologi Hasil Peternakan is indexed in:

 

s2      

 

 

In association with: