GIS-Based Multi-Criteria Land Suitability Analysis for Five Tropical Forage Legumes in Highland Agroecosystems

Cori Qamara, Dwi Yuzaria, Fuad Madarisa, Anugrah Aditya Budiarsa

Abstract


In this study, GIS-based land suitability analysis is used to optimize the cultivation of forage for goat production in Limapuluh Kota Regency, West Sumatra.  We assessed five important forages—cassava, Calliandra calothyrsus, Gliricidia sepium, Sesbania grandiflora, and Leucaena leucocephala—by incorporating a multi-criteria evaluation (including slope, soil characteristics, and climate conditions).  Results show clear agroecological niches: cassava flourishes extensively, even on marginal lands, C. calothyrus and G. sepium need specific adaptations to soil and climate,  Sesbania grandiflora excels as a high-protein choice in various zones,  whereas Leucaena leucocephala requires strict geographic targeting.  Processing protocols (sun-drying, co-feeding) and species-specific rehabilitation were implemented to address critical constraints such as soil acidity, elevation, and anti-nutritional compounds (tannins, mimosine). The study creates a new suitability classification framework that allows for precise zoning of forage development. The main recommendations are to focus on Sesbania grandiflora in central valleys, cassava on slopes at risk of erosion, and Gliricidia sepium in lowland regions, while limiting Leucaena leucocephala to areas with optimal microclimates. This method strengthens the resilience of smallholders by cutting down feed expenses, boosting goat productivity, and promoting sustainable land use in accordance with SDGs 2 (Zero Hunger) and 13 (Climate Action). Policy integration includes spatial planning maps along with targeted subsidy schemes for acid-tolerant legumes.

Keywords


animal protein; fodder; green economy; precision agriculture; spatial

Full Text:

PDF

References


Adhianto, K., Muhtarudin, M., Saputra, A., Surya, S. P. A., Suprayogi, D., & Hamdani, M. D. I. (2020). The Effect of Palm Oil Waste Based Rations Enriched with Cassava Leaves Silage and Organic Micro Minerals on Growth and Nutrients Digestibility of Goat. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 8(11). https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.aavs/2020/8.11.1154.1160

Afshari, M., Bagherzadeh, A., & Afshar, E. (2023). Spatial land use planning based on analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and GIS in Shandiz urban region, Northeast of Iran. JOURNAL OF NATURE AND SPATIAL SCIENCES, 3(1), 65–78. https://doi.org/10.30495/jonass.2023.1975271.1063

Ahmad, I., Hikmawan, B. D., Maharani, D. F., Nisrina, N., Arifianti, A. E., & Mun’im, A. (2023). Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent based Ultrasound-assisted extraction: A green approach for extraction of sulfhydryl and mimosine from Leucaena leucocephala (Lam) de Wit seeds. Heliyon, 9(10), e20480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20480

Ahmadzai, H., Tutundjian, S., & Elouafi, I. (2021). Policies for sustainable agriculture and livelihood in marginal lands: A review. In Sustainability (Switzerland) (Vol. 13, Issue 16). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13168692

Alamu, E. O., Joyce, N., Juliet, A., Joel, N., Chazangwe, R., Tesfai, M., David, C., Isaac, N., Lewis, D., & Udaya Sekhar, N. (2023). Assessing the impact of Gliricidia agroforestry-based interventions on crop nutritional, antinutritional, functional, and mineral compositions in eastern Province, Zambia. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 47(10), 1440–1460. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2023.2254711

Balew, A., Legese, B., Kunbushu, D., Nega, W., Alebel, W., Kerbesh, A., & Mijanur Rahman, Md. (2022). Identification of Suitable Land for Livestock Production Using GIS-Based Multicriteria Decision Analysis and Remote Sensing in the Bale Lowlands, Ethiopia. International Journal of Ecology, 2022, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9585552

Bell, L. W., Hossang, E. Y., Traill, S. R., Dalgliesh, N. P., Budisantoso, E., & Nulik, J. (2022). Short phases of tropical forage legumes increase production of subsequent cereal crops in the seasonally dry tropics of eastern Indonesia. European Journal of Agronomy, 132, 126406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2021.126406

Bilal, H., Lahlou, F.-Z., & Al-Ansari, T. (2025). Land suitability assessment and self-sufficiency evaluation for fodder crop production in a hyper arid environment coupling GIS-based multi-criteria decision making and optimization. Ecological Modelling, 501, 111021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2025.111021

BPS Kabupaten Limapuluh Kota. (2022). Kabupaten Limapuluh Kota Dalam Angka 2022.

Bureenok, S., Pitiwittayakul, N., Saenmahayak, B., Saithi, S., Yuangklang, C., Cai, Y., & Schonewille, J. T. (2024). Effects of fibrolytic enzyme supplementation on feed intake, digestibility and rumen fermentation characteristics in goats fed with Leucaena silage. Small Ruminant Research, 231, 107200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2024.107200

Csikós, N., & Tóth, G. (2023). Concepts of agricultural marginal lands and their utilisation: A review. Agricultural Systems, 204, 103560. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AGSY.2022.103560

de, C., Santos, S. A., dos, D., Tosto, M. S. L., Pinto, L. F. B., Eiras, D. N., de Assis, D. Y. C., Perazzo, A. F., de Araújo, M. L. M. L., Azevêdo, J. A. G., Mourão, G. B., & de Carvalho, G. G. P. (2020). Effect of roughage-to-concentrate ratios combined with different preserved tropical forages on the productive performance of feedlot lambs. Small Ruminant Research, 182, 15–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SMALLRUMRES.2019.11.002

Doumbia, S., Dembele, S. G., Sissoko, F., Samake, O., Sousa, F., Harun, C., Adamtey, N., & Fliessbach, A. (2020). Alley Cropped Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex. Walp. Enhance Soil Fertility and Yields of Cotton, Maize and Sorghum in Mali. International Journal of Food Science and Agriculture, 4(3), 301–313. https://doi.org/10.26855/ijfsa.2020.09.010

Esch, E., Mccann, K., Kamm, C., Arce, B., Carroll, O., Dolezal, A., Mazzorato, A., Noble, D., Fraser, E., Fryxell, J., Gilvesy, B., Canada, A., Krumholz, S., Campbell, M., & Macdougall, A. (2021). Rising Farm Costs, Marginal Land Cropping, and Ecosystem Service Markets. Research Square. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-223049/v1

Fajji, N. G., Palamuleni, L. G., & Mlambo, V. (2018). A GIS Scheme for Forage Assessment and Determination of Rangeland Carrying Capacity. Journal of Remote Sensing & GIS, 07(01). https://doi.org/10.4172/2469-4134.1000233

FAO. (2007). The State Of Food And Agriculture Paying Farmers For Environmental Services. In Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/catalog/inter-e.htm

Fasae, O. A., & Yusuf, A. O. (2022). Cassava leaves and peels: Nutritional value and potential productivity in West African dwarf breeds of sheep and goats. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 301–311. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.51791/njap.v49i3.3562

Franco, L., & Magalhães, M. R. (2022). Assessing the ecological suitability of land-use change. Lessons learned from a rural marginal area in southeast Portugal. Land Use Policy, 122, 106381. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LANDUSEPOL.2022.106381

Gadana, D. B., Sharma, P. D., & Selfeko, D. T. (2020). Efect of soil management practices and slope on soil fertility of cultivated lands in Mawula watershed, Loma district, Southern Ethiopia. Advances in Agriculture. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8866230

Irawan, F., Halliday, M. J., Hegarty, R. S., & Cowley, F. C. (2025). The effects and toxicological mechanisms of leucaena toxicity on ruminant reproduction: a review. Toxicon, 260, 108367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108367

Islamiyati, R., Nohong, B., . I., & Wakano, F. (2025). Chemical Composition and Relative Feed Value of Tree Legume Leaves as a Feed Source for Ruminants. Asian Journal of Dairy and Food Research, Of. https://doi.org/10.18805/ajdfr.DRF-405

Kaewpila, C., Gunun, P., Tongkasee, P., Puangploy, P., & Khota, W. (2025). Ensiling characteristics and in vitro rumen fermentation of Sesbania grandiflora pods prepared with inhibitory and stimulatory additives. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 22758. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-05095-w

Kebede, G., Faji, M., Feyissa, F., Mengistu, G., Kehaliew, A., Mohammed, K., Dejene, M., Geleti, D., Minta, M., Balehegn, M., Boote, K. J., Dubeux, J. C. B., & Adesogan, A. T. (2024). Productivity and economic feasibility of cultivated forage and food crops in the central highlands of Ethiopia. Frontiers in Animal Science, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fanim.2024.1338621

Krüger, A. M., Lima, P. de M. T., Ovani, V., Pérez-Marquéz, S., Louvandini, H., & Abdalla, A. L. (2024). Ruminant Grazing Lands in the Tropics: Silvopastoral Systems and Tithonia diversifolia as Tools with Potential to Promote Sustainability. Agronomy, 14(7), 1386. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14071386

Lakpini, C. A. M., Balogun, B. I., Alawa, J. P., Onifade, O. S., & Otaru, S. M. (1997). Effects of graded levels of sun-dried cassava peels in supplement diets fed to Red Sokoto goats in first trimester of pregnancy. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 67(2–3), 197–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(96)01138-8

Langsdorf, S., Löschke, S., Möller, V., Okem, A., Officer, S., Rama, B., Belling, D., Dieck, W., Götze, S., Kersher, T., Mangele, P., Maus, B., Mühle, A., Nabiyeva, K., Nicolai, M., Niebuhr, A., Petzold, J., Prentzler, E., Savolainen, J., … Weyer, N. (2022). Technical Summary Frequently Asked Questions Part of the Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. www.environmentalgraphiti.org

Makau, D. N., VanLeeuwen, J. A., Gitau, G. K., McKenna, S. L., Walton, C., Muraya, J., & Wichtel, J. J. (2019). Effects of Calliandra and Sesbania supplementation on weight gain in dairy calves on smallholder farms in Kenya. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 172, 104787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104787

Marhaeniyanto, E., Susanti, S., & Hidayati, A. (2023). Using Different-Level of Leucaena leucocephala Leaves in Concentrated Feeds to Increase Goat Farming Production. Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Peternakan, 33(2), 178–187. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jiip.2023.033.02.05

Mayberry, D., Hau, D. K., Dida, P. R., Bria, D., Praing, J., Mata, A. D., Budisantoso, E., Dalgliesh, N., Quigley, S., Bell, L., & Nulik, J. (2021). Herbaceous legumes provide several options for increasing beef cattle productivity in eastern Indonesia. Animal Production Science, 61(7), 698–707. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN20545

Mekouar, M. A. (2024). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Yearbook of International Environmental Law, 34(1). https://doi.org/10.1093/yiel/yvae031

Mohamed, A. H., Shendi, M. M., Awadalla, A. A., Mahmoud, A. G., & Semida, W. M. (2019). Land suitability modeling for newly reclaimed area using GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191(9), 535. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7649-z

Molina-Botero, I. C., Arroyave-Jaramillo, J., Valencia-Salazar, S., Barahona-Rosales, R., Aguilar-Pérez, C. F., Ayala Burgos, A., Arango, J., & Ku-Vera, J. C. (2019). Effects of tannins and saponins contained in foliage of Gliricidia sepium and pods of Enterolobium cyclocarpum on fermentation, methane emissions and rumen microbial population in crossbred heifers. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 251, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ANIFEEDSCI.2019.01.011

Murthy, A. K., & Muninarayanappa, M. (2023). Sustainable Agriculture and Livestock Integrated Farming Systems for Small and Marginal Farmers: A Case Study of Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Journal of Experimental Agriculture International, 45(5), 57–62. https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2023/v45i52119

Mwangi, P., Eckard, R., Gakige, J., Marquardt, S., Gluecks, I., Mulat, D., Merbold, L., & Pinares-Patino, C. S. (2023). P5 Supplementation of sheep fed on a poor-quality grass with Calliandra sp. improves health and productivity, and reduces enteric methane emissions. Animal - Science Proceedings, 14(4), 606–607. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ANSCIP.2023.04.100

Omodara, O. D., Ige, O. A., Oluwasola, O., Oyebanji, A. T., & Afape, O. O. (2023). Factors influencing cassava farmers’ choice of climate change adaption practices and its effect on cassava productivity in Nigeria. Heliyon, 9(3), e14563. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.HELIYON.2023.E14563

Pati, P. K., Kaushik, P., Khan, M. L., & Khare, P. K. (2025). Ecological dilemma: Invasive Gliricidia sepium improves carbon sequestration but decline diversity during secondary succession in tropical dry deciduous forest communities of Central India. Environmental Challenges, 20, 101186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2025.101186

Piñeiro-Vázquez, A. T., Jiménez-Ferrer, G. O., Chay-Canul, A. J., Casanova-Lugo, F., Díaz-Echeverría, V. F., Ayala-Burgos, A. J., Solorio-Sánchez, F. J., Aguilar-Pérez, C. F., & Ku-Vera, J. C. (2017). Intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance and energy utilization in heifers fed low-quality forage and Leucaena leucocephala. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 228, 194–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.04.009

Pramila, P., Satyanarayan, K., Jagadeeswary, V., Krishnamoorthy, U., Nagaraj, C. S., & Siddaramanna, S. (2015). Intensive cultivation of Sesbania grandiflora for sustainable dairy farming - an action oriented approach. The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 85(9). https://doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v85i9.51737

Qamara, C., Arifin, D. N., Nurmasytha, A., Yulianti, K. D., Adiputra, K. D. D., & Alianta, A. A. (2025). Ecological Land Suitability of Goats in The Highland Region. Andalasian International Journal of Agriculture and Natural Sciences (AIJANS), 5(2), 65–70. https://doi.org/10.25077/aijans.v5.i2.65-70.2024

Qamara, C., Yuzaria, D., & Madarisa, F. (2023). Pemetaan Persebaran Peternakan Kambing Di Kabupaten Limapuluh Kota Dengan Analisis Spasial. Wahana Peternakan, 7(2), 164–171. https://doi.org/10.37090/jwputb.v7i2.1012

Qamara, C., Yuzaria, D., & Madarisa, F. (2024). Geographic Analysis of Distribution and Development of Goat Farms. Jurnal Agripet, 24(2), 128–134. https://doi.org/10.17969/agripet.v24i2.31866

Rathore, S. S., Babu, S., El-Sappah, A. H., Shekhawat, K., Singh, V. K., Singh, R. K., Upadhyay, P. K., & Singh, R. (2022). Integrated agroforestry systems improve soil carbon storage, water productivity, and economic returns in the marginal land of the semi-arid region. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 29(10). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103427

Santos-Silva, C. A. dos, Vilela, L. M. B., Oliveira-Silva, R. L. de, Silva, J. B. da, Machado, A. R., Bezerra-Neto, J. P., Crovella, S., & Benko-Iseppon, A. M. (2021). Cassava (Manihot esculenta) defensins: Prospection, structural analysis and tissue-specific expression under biotic/abiotic stresses. Biochimie, 186, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2021.03.012

Sun, Y., Feng, Y., Wang, Y., Zhao, X., Yang, Y., Tang, Z., Wang, S., Su, H., Zhu, J., Chang, J., & Fang, J. (2021). Field‐Based Estimation of Net Primary Productivity and Its Above‐ and Belowground Partitioning in Global Grasslands. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 126(11). https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JG006472

Topuz, M., & Deniz, M. (2023). Application of GIS and AHP for land use suitability analysis: case of Demirci district (Turkey). Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 10(1), 115. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-01609-x

Unnawong, N., Cherdthong, A., & So, S. (2021). Influence of Supplementing Sesbania grandiflora Pod Meal at Two Dietary Crude Protein Levels on Feed Intake, Fermentation Characteristics, and Methane Mitigation in Thai Purebred Beef Cattle. Veterinary Sciences, 8(2), 35. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8020035

Wanapat, M., & Kang, S. (2015). Polyphenols and tannins in nutrition. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology. 6(1), 1–8.

Wei, C., Zhang, Z., Ye, S., Hong, M., & Wang, W. (2021). Spatial-temporal divergence and driving mechanisms of urban-rural sustainable development: An empirical study based on provincial panel data in China. Land, 10(10), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10101027

Widiati, R., Umami, N., & Gunawan, T. (2017). Development of Cattle farming as a Model For Sustainable Rural Development Goal using Spatial Approach (Case in Southern Parts of Merapi Volcano Slope Sleman Regency of Yogyakarta). Indonesian Journal of Geography, 49(1), 80. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijg.17299

Widyati, E., Sutiyono, Darwo, Mindawati, N., Yulianti, M., Prameswari, D., Abdulah, L., Yuniarti, K., & Baral, H. (2022). Optimum plant density and harvest age for maximizing productivity and minimizing competition in a Calliandra short-rotation-coppice plantation in West Java, Indonesia. Forest Science and Technology, 18(1), 26–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/21580103.2022.2039305




DOI: https://doi.org/10.24198/jit.v25i3.66009

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

JURNAL ILMU TERNAK INDEXED BY:

width= width=width=width=width=width=width=